@Comment{ $Source: e:\\cvsroot/ARM/Source/rt.mss,v $ } @comment{ $Revision: 1.74 $ $Date: 2006/10/18 00:25:27 $ $Author: Randy $ } @Part(realtime, Root="ada.mss") @Comment{$Date: 2006/10/18 00:25:27 $} @LabeledNormativeAnnex{Real-Time Systems} @begin{Intro} @Defn{real-time systems} @Defn{embedded systems} This Annex specifies additional characteristics of Ada implementations intended for real-time systems software. To conform to this Annex, an implementation shall also conform to the Systems Programming Annex. @end{Intro} @begin{Metrics} The metrics are documentation requirements; an implementation shall document the values of the language-defined metrics for at least one configuration @Redundant[of hardware or an underlying system] supported by the implementation, and shall document the details of that configuration. @ChgImplDef{Version=[2],Kind=[Deleted],Text=[@ChgDeleted{Version=[2], Text=[Values of all @MetricsTitle.]}]}@ChgNote{We're going to document the individual metrics sections.} @ChgDocReq{Version=[2],Kind=[Added],Text=[@ChgAdded{Version=[2], Text=[The details of the configuration used to generate the values of all metrics.]}]} @begin{Reason} The actual values of the metrics are likely to depend on hardware configuration details that are variable and generally outside the control of a compiler vendor. @end{Reason} The metrics do not necessarily yield a simple number. @Redundant[For some, a range is more suitable, for others a formula dependent on some parameter is appropriate, and for others, it may be more suitable to break the metric into several cases.] Unless specified otherwise, the metrics in this annex are expressed in processor clock cycles. For metrics that require documentation of an upper bound, if there is no upper bound, the implementation shall report that the metric is unbounded. @begin{Discussion} There are several good reasons to specify metrics in seconds; there are however equally good reasons to specify them in processor clock cycles. In defining the metrics, we have tried to strike a balance on a case-by-case basis. It has been suggested that all metrics should be given names, so that @lquotes@;data-sheets@rquotes@; could be formulated and published by vendors. However the paragraph number can serve that purpose. @end{Discussion} @end{Metrics} @begin{Notes} The specification of the metrics makes a distinction between upper bounds and simple execution times. Where something is just specified as @lquotes@;the execution time of@rquotes@; a piece of code, this leaves one the freedom to choose a nonpathological case. This kind of metric is of the form @lquotes@;there exists a program such that the value of the metric is V@rquotes@;. Conversely, the meaning of upper bounds is @lquotes@;there is no program such that the value of the metric is greater than V@rquotes@;. This kind of metric can only be partially tested, by finding the value of V for one or more test programs. The metrics do not cover the whole language; they are limited to features that are specified in @RefSec{Systems Programming} and in this Annex. The metrics are intended to provide guidance to potential users as to whether a particular implementation of such a feature is going to be adequate for a particular real-time application. As such, the metrics are aimed at known implementation choices that can result in significant performance differences. The purpose of the metrics is not necessarily to provide fine-grained quantitative results or to serve as a comparison between different implementations on the same or different platforms. Instead, their goal is rather qualitative; to define a standard set of approximate values that can be measured and used to estimate the general suitability of an implementation, or to evaluate the comparative utility of certain features of an implementation for a particular real-time application. @end{Notes} @begin{Extend83} @Defn{extensions to Ada 83} This Annex is new to Ada 95. @end{Extend83} @LabeledClause{Task Priorities} @begin{Intro} @Redundant[This clause specifies the priority model for real-time systems. In addition, the methods for specifying priorities are defined.] @end{Intro} @begin{Syntax} @begin{SyntaxText} @leading@keepnext@;The form of a @nt{pragma} Priority is as follows: @end{SyntaxText} @PragmaSyn`@key{pragma} @prag(Priority)(@Syn2{expression});' @begin{SyntaxText} @leading@keepnext@;The form of a @nt{pragma} Interrupt_Priority is as follows: @end{SyntaxText} @PragmaSyn`@key{pragma} @prag(Interrupt_Priority)[(@Syn2{expression})];' @end{Syntax} @begin{Resolution} @PDefn2{Term=[expected type], Sec=(Priority pragma argument)} @PDefn2{Term=[expected type], Sec=(Interrupt_Priority pragma argument)} The expected type for the @nt{expression} in a Priority or Interrupt_Priority pragma is Integer. @end{Resolution} @begin{Legality} A Priority pragma is allowed only immediately within a @nt{task_definition}, a @nt{protected_definition}, or the @nt{declarative_part} of a @nt{subprogram_body}. An Interrupt_Priority pragma is allowed only immediately within a @nt{task_definition} or a @nt{protected_definition}. At most one such pragma shall appear within a given construct. For a Priority pragma that appears in the @nt{declarative_part} of a @nt{subprogram_body}, the @nt{expression} shall be static, and its value shall be in the range of System.Priority. @begin{Reason} This value is needed before it gets elaborated, when the environment task starts executing. @end{Reason} @end{Legality} @begin{StaticSem} @leading@keepnext@;The following declarations exist in package System: @begin{example} @key{subtype} Any_Priority @key{is} Integer @key{range} @RI{implementation-defined}; @key{subtype} Priority @key{is} Any_Priority @key{range} Any_Priority'First .. @RI{implementation-defined}; @key{subtype} Interrupt_Priority @key{is} Any_Priority @key{range} Priority'Last+1 .. Any_Priority'Last; Default_Priority : @key{constant} Priority := (Priority'First + Priority'Last)/2; @end{example} @ImplDef{The declarations of Any_Priority and Priority.} The full range of priority values supported by an implementation is specified by the subtype Any_Priority. The subrange of priority values that are high enough to require the blocking of one or more interrupts is specified by the subtype Interrupt_@!Priority. @Redundant[The subrange of priority values below System.@!Interrupt_@!Priority'First is specified by the subtype System.@!Priority.] The priority specified by a Priority or Interrupt_Priority pragma is the value of the @nt{expression} in the pragma, if any. If there is no @nt{expression} in an Interrupt_Priority pragma, the priority value is Interrupt_Priority'Last. @end{StaticSem} @begin{RunTime} A Priority pragma has no effect if it occurs in the @nt{declarative_part} of the @nt{subprogram_body} of a subprogram other than the main subprogram. @Defn{task priority} @Defn{priority} @Defn{priority inheritance} @Defn{base priority} @Defn{active priority} A @i{task priority} is an integer value that indicates a degree of urgency and is the basis for resolving competing demands of tasks for resources. Unless otherwise specified, whenever tasks compete for processors or other implementation-defined resources, the resources are allocated to the task with the highest priority value. The @i{base priority} of a task is the priority with which it was created, or to which it was later set by Dynamic_Priorities.Set_Priority (see @RefSecNum{Dynamic Priorities}). At all times, a task also has an @i{active priority}, which generally reflects its base priority as well as any priority it inherits from other sources. @i{Priority inheritance} is the process by which the priority of a task or other entity (e.g. a protected object; see @RefSecNum{Priority Ceiling Locking}) is used in the evaluation of another task's active priority. @ImplDef{Implementation-defined execution resources.} The effect of specifying such a pragma in a @nt{protected_definition} is discussed in @RefSecNum{Priority Ceiling Locking}. @Defn2{Term=[creation], Sec=(of a task object)} The @nt{expression} in a Priority or Interrupt_Priority pragma that appears in a @nt{task_definition} is evaluated for each task object (see @RefSecNum{Task Units and Task Objects}). For a Priority pragma, the value of the @nt{expression} is converted to the subtype Priority; for an Interrupt_Priority pragma, this value is converted to the subtype Any_Priority. The priority value is then associated with the task object whose @nt{task_definition} contains the pragma. @PDefn2{Term=[implicit subtype conversion],Sec=(pragma Priority)} @PDefn2{Term=[implicit subtype conversion],Sec=(pragma Interrupt_Priority)} Likewise, the priority value is associated with the environment task if the pragma appears in the @nt{declarative_part} of the main subprogram. The initial value of a task's base priority is specified by default or by means of a Priority or Interrupt_Priority pragma. @Redundant[After a task is created, its base priority can be changed only by a call to Dynamic_Priorities.Set_Priority (see @RefSecNum{Dynamic Priorities}).] The initial base priority of a task in the absence of a pragma is the base priority of the task that creates it at the time of creation (see @RefSecNum{Task Units and Task Objects}). If a pragma Priority does not apply to the main subprogram, the initial base priority of the environment task is System.Default_Priority. @Redundant[The task's active priority is used when the task competes for processors. Similarly, the task's active priority is used to determine the task's position in any queue when Priority_Queuing is specified (see @RefSecNum{Entry Queuing Policies}).] @Leading@ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Revised],ARef=[AI95-00357-01]} At any time, the active priority of a task is the maximum of all the priorities the task is inheriting at that instant. For a task that is not held (see @RefSecNum{Asynchronous Task Control}), its base priority is @Chg{Version=[2],New=[],Old=[always ]}a source of priority inheritance @Chg{Version=[2],New=[unless otherwise specified for a particular task dispatching policy],Old=[]}. Other sources of priority inheritance are specified under the following conditions: @begin{Discussion} Other parts of the annex, e.g. @RefSecNum{Asynchronous Task Control}, define other sources of priority inheritance. @end{Discussion} @begin{itemize} @ChgRef{Version=[1],Kind=[Revised],Ref=[8652/0072],ARef=[AI95-00092-01]} During activation, a task being activated inherits the active priority @Chg{New=[that],Old=[of the]} its activator (see @RefSecNum{Task Execution - Task Activation})@Chg{New=[ had at the time the activation was initiated],Old=[]}. @ChgRef{Version=[1],Kind=[Revised],Ref=[8652/0072],ARef=[AI95-00092-01]} During rendezvous, the task accepting the entry call inherits the @Chg{New=[],Old=[active ]}priority of the @Chg{New=[entry call],Old=[caller]} (see @RefSecNum{Entry Calls}@Chg{New=[ and @RefSecNum{Entry Queuing Policies}],Old=[]}). During a protected action on a protected object, a task inherits the ceiling priority of the protected object (see @RefSecNum{Intertask Communication} and @RefSecNum{Priority Ceiling Locking}). @end{itemize} In all of these cases, the priority ceases to be inherited as soon as the condition calling for the inheritance no longer exists. @end{RunTime} @begin{ImplReq} The range of System.Interrupt_Priority shall include at least one value. The range of System.Priority shall include at least 30 values. @end{ImplReq} @begin{Notes} The priority expression can include references to discriminants of the enclosing type. It is a consequence of the active priority rules that at the point when a task stops inheriting a priority from another source, its active priority is re-evaluated. This is in addition to other instances described in this Annex for such re-evaluation. An implementation may provide a non-standard mode in which tasks inherit priorities under conditions other than those specified above. @begin{Ramification} The use of a Priority or Interrupt_Priority pragma does not require the package System to be named in a @nt{with_clause} for the enclosing @nt{compilation_unit}. @end{Ramification} @end{Notes} @begin{Extend83} @Defn{extensions to Ada 83} The priority of a task is per-object and not per-type. Priorities need not be static anymore (except for the main subprogram). @end{Extend83} @begin{DiffWord83} The description of the Priority pragma has been moved to this annex. @end{DiffWord83} @begin{DiffWord95} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],Ref=[8652/0072],ARef=[AI95-00092-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[@b Clarified that dynamic priority changes are not transitive - that is, they don't apply to tasks that are being activated by or in rendezvous with the task that had its priority changed.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00357-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[Generalized the definition of priority inheritance to take into account the differences between the existing and new dispatching policies.]} @end{DiffWord95} @LabeledClause{Priority Scheduling} @begin{Intro} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Revised],ARef=[AI95-00321-01]} @Redundant[This clause describes the rules that determine which task is selected for execution when more than one task is ready (see @Chg{Version=[2],New=[@RefSecNum{Tasks and Synchronization}], Old=[@RefSecNum{Task Execution - Task Activation}]}).@Chg{Version=[2], New=[],Old=[ The rules have two parts: the task dispatching model (see @RefSecNum{The Task Dispatching Model}), and a specific task dispatching policy (see @RefSecNum{Task Dispatching Pragmas}).]}] @end{Intro} @begin{DiffWord95} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00321-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[This introduction is simplified in order to reflect the rearrangement and expansion of this clause.]} @end{DiffWord95} @LabeledSubClause{The Task Dispatching Model} @begin{Intro} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Revised],ARef=[AI95-00321-01]} @Redundant[The task dispatching model specifies @Chg{Version=[2], New=[task],Old=[preemptive]} scheduling, based on conceptual priority-ordered ready queues.] @end{Intro} @begin{StaticSem} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Added],ARef=[AI95-00355-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],KeepNext=[T],Type=[Leading],Text=[The following language-defined library package exists:]} @begin{Example} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Added]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[@key Ada.Dispatching @key@ChildUnit{Parent=[Ada],Child=[Dispatching]} @key Pure(Dispatching); @AdaExcDefn{Dispatching_Policy_Error} : @key; @key Ada.Dispatching;]} @end{Example} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Added]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[Dispatching serves as the parent of other language-defined library units concerned with task dispatching.]} @end{StaticSem} @begin{RunTime} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Revised],ARef=[AI95-00321-01]} A task @Chg{Version=[2],New=[can become],Old=[runs (that is, it becomes]} a @i{running task}@Chg{Version=[2],New=[],Old=[)]} only @Chg{Version=[2], New=[if],Old=[when]} it is ready (see @Chg{Version=[2],New=[@RefSecNum{Tasks and Synchronization}], Old=[@RefSecNum{Task Execution - Task Activation}]}) and the execution resources required by that task are available. Processors are allocated to tasks based on each task's active priority. It is implementation defined whether, on a multiprocessor, a task that is waiting for access to a protected object keeps its processor busy. @ImplDef{Whether, on a multiprocessor, a task that is waiting for access to a protected object keeps its processor busy.} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Revised],ARef=[AI95-00321-01]} @Defn{task dispatching} @Defn{dispatching, task} @RootDefn{task dispatching point} @RootDefn{dispatching point} @i{Task dispatching} is the process by which one ready task is selected for execution on a processor. This selection is done at certain points during the execution of a task called @i{task dispatching points}. A task reaches a task dispatching point whenever it becomes blocked, and @Chg{Version=[2],New=[when it terminates],Old=[whenever it becomes ready. In addition, the completion of an @nt{accept_statement} (see @RefSecNum{Entries and Accept Statements}), and task termination are task dispatching points for the executing task]}. @Redundant[Other task dispatching points are defined throughout this Annex@Chg{Version=[2],New=[ for specific policies],Old=[]}.] @begin{Ramification} On multiprocessor systems, more than one task can be chosen, at the same time, for execution on more than one processor, as explained below. @end{Ramification} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Revised],ARef=[AI95-00321-01]} @Defn{ready queue} @Defn{head (of a queue)} @Defn{tail (of a queue)} @Defn{ready task} @PDefn{task dispatching policy} @PDefn{dispatching policy for tasks} @i{Task dispatching policies} are specified in terms of conceptual @i{ready queues}@Chg{Version=[2],New=[ and],Old=[,]} task states@Chg{Version=[2], New=[],Old=[, and task preemption]}. A ready queue is an ordered list of ready tasks. The first position in a queue is called the @i{head of the queue}, and the last position is called the @i{tail of the queue}. A task is @i{ready} if it is in a ready queue, or if it is running. Each processor has one ready queue for each priority value. At any instant, each ready queue of a processor contains exactly the set of tasks of that priority that are ready for execution on that processor, but are not running on any processor; that is, those tasks that are ready, are not running on any processor, and can be executed using that processor and other available resources. A task can be on the ready queues of more than one processor. @begin{Discussion} The core language defines a ready task as one that is not blocked. Here we refine this definition and talk about ready queues. @end{Discussion} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Revised],ARef=[AI95-00321-01]} @Defn{running task} Each processor also has one @i{running task}, which is the task currently being executed by that processor. Whenever a task running on a processor reaches a task dispatching point@Chg{Version=[2],New=[ it goes back to one or more ready queues; a], Old=[, one]} task @Chg{Version=[2],New=[(possibly the same task) ],Old=[]}is @Chg{Version=[2],New=[then ],Old=[]}selected to run on that processor. The task selected is the one at the head of the highest priority nonempty ready queue; this task is then removed from all ready queues to which it belongs. @begin{Discussion} There is always at least one task to run, if we count the idle task. @end{Discussion} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Deleted],ARef=[AI95-00321-01]} @ChgDeleted{Version=[2],Text=[@Defn{preemptible resource} A preemptible resource is a resource that while allocated to one task can be allocated (temporarily) to another instead. Processors are preemptible resources. Access to a protected object (see @RefSecNum{Protected Subprograms and Protected Actions}) is a nonpreemptible resource. @Defn{preempted task} When a higher-priority task is dispatched to the processor, and the previously running task is placed on the appropriate ready queue, the latter task is said to be @i{preempted}.]} @begin{Reason} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Deleted]} @ChgDeleted{Version=[2],Text=[A processor that is executing a task is available to execute tasks of higher priority, within the set of tasks that that processor is able to execute. Write access to a protected object, on the other hand, cannot be granted to a new task before the old task has released it.]} @end{Reason} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Deleted],ARef=[AI95-00321-01]} @ChgDeleted{Version=[2],Text=[@PDefn{task dispatching point} @PDefn{dispatching point} A new running task is also selected whenever there is a nonempty ready queue with a higher priority than the priority of the running task, or when the task dispatching policy requires a running task to go back to a ready queue. @Redundant[These are also task dispatching points.]]} @begin{Ramification} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Deleted]} @ChgDeleted{Version=[2],Text=[Thus, when a task becomes ready, this is a task dispatching point for all running tasks of lower priority.]} @end{Ramification} @end{RunTime} @begin{ImplPerm} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Revised],ARef=[AI95-00321-01]} An implementation is allowed to define additional resources as execution resources, and to define the corresponding allocation policies for them. Such resources may have an implementation@Chg{Version=[2],New=[-],Old=[ ]}defined effect on task dispatching@Chg{Version=[2],New=[], Old=[ (see @RefSecNum{Task Dispatching Pragmas})]}. @ChgImplDef{Version=[2],Kind=[Revised], Text=[The @Chg{Version=[2],New=[effect],Old=[affect]} of implementation@Chg{Version=[2],New=[-],Old=[ ]}defined execution resources on task dispatching.]} An implementation may place implementation-defined restrictions on tasks whose active priority is in the Interrupt_Priority range. @begin{Ramification} For example, on some operating systems, it might be necessary to disallow them altogether. This permission applies to tasks whose priority is set to interrupt level for any reason: via a pragma, via a call to Dynamic_Priorities.Set_Priority, or via priority inheritance. @end{Ramification} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Added],ARef=[AI95-00321-01]} @ChgNote{This was moved up from the previous section.} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[@Redundant[For optimization purposes,] an implementation may alter the points at which task dispatching occurs, in an implementation-defined manner. However, a @nt{delay_statement} always corresponds to at least one task dispatching point.]} @end{ImplPerm} @begin{Notes} Section 9 specifies under which circumstances a task becomes ready. The ready state is affected by the rules for task activation and termination, delay statements, and entry calls. @PDefn{blocked} When a task is not ready, it is said to be blocked. An example of a possible implementation-defined execution resource is a page of physical memory, which needs to be loaded with a particular page of virtual memory before a task can continue execution. The ready queues are purely conceptual; there is no requirement that such lists physically exist in an implementation. While a task is running, it is not on any ready queue. Any time the task that is running on a processor is added to a ready queue, a new running task is selected for that processor. In a multiprocessor system, a task can be on the ready queues of more than one processor. At the extreme, if several processors share the same set of ready tasks, the contents of their ready queues is identical, and so they can be viewed as sharing one ready queue, and can be implemented that way. @Redundant[Thus, the dispatching model covers multiprocessors where dispatching is implemented using a single ready queue, as well as those with separate dispatching domains.] The priority of a task is determined by rules specified in this subclause, and under @RefSec{Task Priorities}, @RefSec{Priority Ceiling Locking}, and @RefSec{Dynamic Priorities}. @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00321-01]} @ChgNote{This note is moved up from the next subclause.} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[The setting of a task's base priority as a result of a call to Set_Priority does not always take effect immediately when Set_Priority is called. The effect of setting the task's base priority is deferred while the affected task performs a protected action.]} @end{Notes} @begin{DiffWord95} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00321-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[This description is simplified to describe only the parts of the dispatching model common to all policies. In particular, rules about preemption are moved elsewhere. This makes it easier to add other policies (which may not involve preemption).]} @end{DiffWord95} @LabeledRevisedSubClause{Version=[2], New=[Task Dispatching Pragmas], Old=[The Standard Task Dispatching Policy]} @begin{Intro} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Added],ARef=[AI95-00355-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[@Redundant[This clause allows a single task dispatching policy to be defined for all priorities, or the range of priorities to be split into subranges that are assigned individual dispatching policies.]]} @end{Intro} @begin{Syntax} @begin{SyntaxText} @Leading@Keepnext@;The form of a @nt{pragma} Task_Dispatching_Policy is as follows: @end{SyntaxText} @PragmaSyn`@key{pragma} @prag(Task_Dispatching_Policy)(@SynI{policy_}@Syn2{identifier});' @begin{SyntaxText} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Added],ARef=[AI95-00355-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Type=[Leading],Keepnext=[T],Text=[The form of a @nt{pragma} Priority_Specific_Dispatching is as follows:]} @end{SyntaxText} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Added]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=`@AddedPragmaSyn`Version=[2],@key{pragma} @prag (@* @ @ @ @ @ @SynI{policy_}@Syn2{identifier}, @SynI{first_priority_}@Syn2{expression}, @SynI{last_priority_}@Syn2{expression});''} @end{Syntax} @begin{Resolution} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Added],ARef=[AI95-00355-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[The expected type for @SynI{first_priority_}@nt{expression} and @SynI{last_priority_}@nt{expression} is Integer.]} @end{Resolution} @begin{Legality} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Revised],ARef=[AI95-00321-01],ARef=[AI95-00355-01]} The @SynI{policy_}@nt{identifier} @Chg{Version=[2],New=[used in a @nt{pragma} Task_Dispatching_Policy shall be the name of a task dispatching policy], Old=[shall either be FIFO_Within_Priorities or an implementation-defined @Syn2{identifier}]}. @ChgImplDef{Version=[2],Kind=[Deleted],Text=[@ChgDeleted{Version=[2], Text=[Implementation-defined @SynI{policy_}@Syn2{identifier}s allowed in a @nt{pragma} Task_Dispatching_Policy.]}]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Added],ARef=[AI95-00355-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[The @SynI{policy_}@nt{identifier} used in a @nt{pragma} Priority_Specific_Dispatching shall be the name of a task dispatching policy.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Added],ARef=[AI95-00355-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[Both @Syni{first_priority_}@!@nt{expression} and @Syni{last_priority_}@!@nt{expression} shall be static expressions in the range of System.Any_Priority; @SynI{last_priority_}@!@nt{expression} shall have a value greater than or equal to @SynI{first_priority_}@!@nt{expression}.]} @end{Legality} @begin{StaticSem} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Added],ARef=[AI95-00355-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[@nt{Pragma} Task_Dispatching_Policy specifies the single task dispatching policy.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Added],ARef=[AI95-00355-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[@nt{Pragma} Priority_Specific_Dispatching specifies the task dispatching policy for the specified range of priorities. Tasks with base priorities within the range of priorities specified in a Priority_Specific_Dispatching pragma have their active priorities determined according to the specified dispatching policy. Tasks with active priorities within the range of priorities specified in a Priority_Specific_Dispatching pragma are dispatched according to the specified dispatching policy.]} @begin{Reason} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00355-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[Each ready queue is managed by exactly one policy. Anything else would be chaos. The ready queue is determined by the active priority. However, how the active priority is calculated is determined by the policy; in order to break out of this circle, we have to say that the active priority is calculated by the method determined by the policy of the base priority.]} @end{Reason} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Added],ARef=[AI95-00355-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[If a partition contains one or more Priority_Specific_Dispatching pragmas the dispatching policy for priorities not covered by any Priority_Specific_Dispatching pragmas is FIFO_Within_Priorities.]} @end{StaticSem} @begin{LinkTime} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Revised],ARef=[AI95-00355-01]} @PDefn2{Term=[configuration pragma], Sec=(Task_Dispatching_Policy)} @PDefn2{Term=[pragma, configuration], Sec=(Task_Dispatching_Policy)} A Task_Dispatching_Policy pragma is a configuration pragma.@Chg{Version=[2], New=[ A Priority_Specific_Dispatching pragma is a configuration pragma. @PDefn2{Term=[configuration pragma], Sec=(Priority_Specific_Dispatching)} @PDefn2{Term=[pragma, configuration], Sec=(Priority_Specific_Dispatching)}],Old=[]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Added],ARef=[AI95-00355-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[The priority ranges specified in more than one Priority_Specific_Dispatching pragma within the same partition shall not be overlapping.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Added],ARef=[AI95-00355-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[If a partition contains one or more Priority_Specific_Dispatching pragmas it shall not contain a Task_Dispatching_Policy pragma.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Deleted],ARef=[AI95-00333-01]} @ChgDeleted{Version=[2],Text=[If the FIFO_Within_Priorities policy is specified for a partition, then the Ceiling_Locking policy (see @RefSecNum{Priority Ceiling Locking}) shall also be specified for the partition.]} @end{LinkTime} @begin{RunTime} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Revised],ARef=[AI95-00355-01]} @Defn{task dispatching policy} @Redundant[A @i{task dispatching policy} specifies the details of task dispatching that are not covered by the basic task dispatching model. These rules govern when tasks are inserted into and deleted from the ready queues@Chg{Version=[2],New=[],Old=[, and whether a task is inserted at the head or the tail of the queue for its active priority]}.] @Chg{Version=[2],New=[A single],Old=[The]} task dispatching policy is specified by a Task_Dispatching_Policy @Chg{Version=[2],New=[],Old=[configuration ]}pragma. @Chg{Version=[2],New=[Pragma Priority_Specific_Dispatching assigns distinct dispatching policies to subranges of System.Any_Priority.], Old=[@PDefn{unspecified}If no such pragma appears in any of the program units comprising a partition, the task dispatching policy for that partition is unspecified.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Added],ARef=[AI95-00355-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[@PDefn{unspecified}If neither @nt{pragma} applies to any of the program units comprising a partition, the task dispatching policy for that partition is unspecified.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Added],ARef=[AI95-00355-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[If a partition contains one or more Priority_Specific_Dispatching pragmas a task dispatching point occurs for the currently running task of a processor whenever there is a non-empty ready queue for that processor with a higher priority than the priority of the running task.]} @begin{Discussion} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[If we have priority specific dispatching then we want preemption across the entire range of priorities. That prevents higher priority tasks from being blocked by lower priority tasks that have a different policy. On the other hand, if we have a single policy for the entire partition, we want the characteristics of that policy to apply for preemption; specifically, we may not require any preemption. Note that policy Non_Preemptive_FIFO_Within_Priorities is not allowed in a priority specific dispatching pragma.]} @end{Discussion} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Added],ARef=[AI95-00355-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[A task that has its base priority changed may move from one dispatching policy to another. It is immediately subject to the new dispatching policy.]} @begin{Ramification} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[Once subject to the new dispatching policy, it may be immediately preempted or dispatched, according the rules of the new policy.]} @end{Ramification} @ChgNote{The following stuff is moved to the next subclause} @begin{NotIso} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Noprefix=[T],Noparanum=[T],Text=[@Shrink{@i}]}@Comment{This message should be deleted if the paragraphs are ever renumbered.} @end{NotIso} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[DeletedNoDelMsg],ARef=[AI95-00321-01]} @ChgDeleted{Version=[2],Type=[Leading],Text=[The language defines only one task dispatching policy, FIFO_Within_Priorities; when this policy is in effect, modifications to the ready queues occur only as follows:]} @begin{itemize} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[DeletedNoDelMsg],ARef=[AI95-00321-01]} @ChgDeleted{Version=[2],Text=[When a blocked task becomes ready, it is added at the tail of the ready queue for its active priority.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[DeletedNoDelMsg],ARef=[AI95-00321-01]} @ChgDeleted{Version=[2],Text=[When the active priority of a ready task that is not running changes, or the setting of its base priority takes effect, the task is removed from the ready queue for its old active priority and is added at the tail of the ready queue for its new active priority, except in the case where the active priority is lowered due to the loss of inherited priority, in which case the task is added at the head of the ready queue for its new active priority.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[DeletedNoDelMsg],ARef=[AI95-00321-01]} @ChgDeleted{Version=[2],Text=[When the setting of the base priority of a running task takes effect, the task is added to the tail of the ready queue for its active priority.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[DeletedNoDelMsg],ARef=[AI95-00321-01]} @ChgDeleted{Version=[2],Text=[When a task executes a @nt{delay_statement} that does not result in blocking, it is added to the tail of the ready queue for its active priority.]} @begin{Ramification} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[DeletedNoDelMsg]} @ChgDeleted{Version=[2],Text=[If the delay does result in blocking, the task moves to the @lquotes@;delay queue@rquotes@;, not to the ready queue.]} @end{Ramification} @end{itemize} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[DeletedNoDelMsg],ARef=[AI95-00321-01]} @ChgDeleted{Version=[2],Text=[@PDefn{task dispatching point} @PDefn{dispatching point} Each of the events specified above is a task dispatching point (see @RefSecNum{The Task Dispatching Model}).]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[DeletedNoDelMsg],ARef=[AI95-00321-01]} @ChgDeleted{Version=[2],Text=[In addition, when a task is preempted, it is added at the head of the ready queue for its active priority.]} @end{RunTime} @begin{ImplReq} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Added],ARef=[AI95-00333-01],ARef=[AI95-00355-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[An implementation shall allow, for a single partition, both the locking policy (see @RefSecNum{Priority Ceiling Locking}) to be specified as Ceiling_Locking and also one or more Priority_Specific_Dispatching pragmas to be given.]} @end{ImplReq} @begin{DocReq} @begin{NotIso} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Noprefix=[T],Noparanum=[T],Text=[@Shrink{@i}]}@Comment{This message should be deleted if the paragraphs are ever renumbered.} @end{NotIso} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[DeletedNoDelMsg],ARef=[AI95-00321-01]} @ChgDeleted{Version=[2],Type=[Leading],Text=[@Defn{priority inversion} @i{Priority inversion} is the duration for which a task remains at the head of the highest priority ready queue while the processor executes a lower priority task. The implementation shall document:]} @begin{Itemize} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[DeletedNoDelMsg],ARef=[AI95-00321-01]} @ChgDeleted{Version=[2],Text=[The maximum priority inversion a user task can experience due to activity of the implementation (on behalf of lower priority tasks), and]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[DeletedNoDelMsg],ARef=[AI95-00321-01]} @ChgDeleted{Version=[2],Text=[whether execution of a task can be preempted by the implementation processing of delay expirations for lower priority tasks, and if so, for how long.]} @ChgImplDef{Version=[2],Kind=[Deleted],Text=[@ChgDeleted{Version=[2], Text=[Implementation-defined aspects of priority inversion.]}]} @end{Itemize} @end{DocReq} @begin{ImplPerm} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Revised],ARef=[AI95-00256-01]} Implementations are allowed to define other task dispatching policies, but need not support more than one @Chg{Version=[2],New=[task dispatching], Old=[such]} policy per partition. @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Revised],ARef=[AI95-00355-01]} @Chg{Version=[2],New=[An implementation need not support @nt{pragma} Priority_Specific_Dispatching if it is infeasible to support it in the target environment.], Old=[@Redundant[For optimization purposes,] an implementation may alter the points at which task dispatching occurs, in an implementation defined manner. However, a @nt{delay_statement} always corresponds to at least one task dispatching point.]} @ImplDef{Implementation defined task dispatching.} @ChgImplDef{Version=[2],Kind=[Revised],Text=[Implementation defined task dispatching@Chg{Version=[2],New=[ policies],Old=[]}.]} @end{ImplPerm} @begin{Notes} @begin{NotIso} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Noprefix=[T],Noparanum=[T],Text=[@Shrink{@i}]}@Comment{This message should be deleted if the paragraphs are ever renumbered.} @end{NotIso} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[DeletedNoDelMsg],ARef=[AI95-00321-01]} @ChgDeleted{Version=[2],Text=[If the active priority of a running task is lowered due to loss of inherited priority (as it is on completion of a protected operation) and there is a ready task of the same active priority that is not running, the running task continues to run (provided that there is no higher priority task).]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[DeletedNoDelMsg],ARef=[AI95-00321-01]} @ChgDeleted{Version=[2],Text=[The setting of a task's base priority as a result of a call to Set_Priority does not always take effect immediately when Set_Priority is called. The effect of setting the task's base priority is deferred while the affected task performs a protected action.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[DeletedNoDelMsg],ARef=[AI95-00321-01]} @ChgDeleted{Version=[2],Text=[Setting the base priority of a ready task causes the task to move to the end of the queue for its active priority, regardless of whether the active priority of the task actually changes.]} @end{Notes} @begin{Extend95} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00333-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[@Defn{extensions to Ada 95} @B[Amendment Correction:] It is no longer required to specify Ceiling_Locking with the language-defined task dispatching policies; we only require that implementations @i them to be used together.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00355-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[@key{Pragma} Priority_Specific_Dispatching is new; it allows specifying different policies for different priorities.]} @end{Extend95} @begin{DiffWord95} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00256-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[Clarified that an implementation need support only one task dispatching policy (of any kind, language-defined or otherwise) per partition.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00321-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[This description is simplified to describe only the rules for the Task_Dispatching_Policy pragma that are common to all policies. In particular, rules about preemption are moved elsewhere. This makes it easier to add other policies (which may not involve preemption).]} @end{DiffWord95} @LabeledAddedSubClause{Version=[2],Name=[Preemptive Dispatching]} @begin{Intro} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00321-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[@Redundant[This clause defines a preemptive task dispatching policy.]]} @end{Intro} @begin{StaticSem} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00355-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[The @SynI{policy_}@nt{identifier} FIFO_Within_Priorities is a task dispatching policy.]} @end{StaticSem} @begin{RunTime} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00321-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[When FIFO_Within_Priorities is in effect, modifications to the ready queues occur only as follows:]} @begin{itemize} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00321-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[When a blocked task becomes ready, it is added at the tail of the ready queue for its active priority.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[When the active priority of a ready task that is not running changes, or the setting of its base priority takes effect, the task is removed from the ready queue for its old active priority and is added at the tail of the ready queue for its new active priority, except in the case where the active priority is lowered due to the loss of inherited priority, in which case the task is added at the head of the ready queue for its new active priority.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[When the setting of the base priority of a running task takes effect, the task is added to the tail of the ready queue for its active priority.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[When a task executes a @nt{delay_statement} that does not result in blocking, it is added to the tail of the ready queue for its active priority.]} @begin{Ramification} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[If the delay does result in blocking, the task moves to the @lquotes@;delay queue@rquotes@;, not to the ready queue.]} @end{Ramification} @end{itemize} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00321-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[@PDefn{task dispatching point} @PDefn{dispatching point} Each of the events specified above is a task dispatching point (see @RefSecNum{The Task Dispatching Model}).]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00321-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[A task dispatching point occurs for the currently running task of a processor whenever there is a nonempty ready queue for that processor with a higher priority than the priority of the running task. The currently running task is said to be @i and it is added at the head of the ready queue for its active priority.@Defn2{Term=[preempt],Sec=[a running task]}]} @end{RunTime} @begin{ImplReq} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00333-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[An implementation shall allow, for a single partition, both the task dispatching policy to be specified as FIFO_Within_Priorities and also the locking policy (see @RefSecNum{Priority Ceiling Locking}) to be specified as Ceiling_Locking.]} @begin{Reason} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[This is the preferred combination of the FIFO_Within_Priorities policy with a locking policy, and we want that combination to be portable.]} @end{Reason} @end{ImplReq} @begin{DocReq} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00321-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Type=[Leading],Text=[@Defn{priority inversion} @i{Priority inversion} is the duration for which a task remains at the head of the highest priority nonempty ready queue while the processor executes a lower priority task. The implementation shall document:]} @begin{Itemize} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[The maximum priority inversion a user task can experience due to activity of the implementation (on behalf of lower priority tasks), and]} @ChgDocReq{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],Text=[@ChgAdded{Version=[2], Text=[The maximum priority inversion a user task can experience from the implementation.]}]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[whether execution of a task can be preempted by the implementation processing of delay expirations for lower priority tasks, and if so, for how long.]} @ChgDocReq{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],Text=[@ChgAdded{Version=[2], Text=[The amount of time that a task can be preempted for processing on behalf of lower-priority tasks.]}]} @end{Itemize} @end{DocReq} @begin{Notes} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00321-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[If the active priority of a running task is lowered due to loss of inherited priority (as it is on completion of a protected operation) and there is a ready task of the same active priority that is not running, the running task continues to run (provided that there is no higher priority task).]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00321-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[Setting the base priority of a ready task causes the task to move to the tail of the queue for its active priority, regardless of whether the active priority of the task actually changes.]} @end{Notes} @begin{DiffWord95} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00321-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[This subclause is new; it mainly consists of text that was found in @RefSecNum{The Task Dispatching Model} and @RefSecNum{Task Dispatching Pragmas} in Ada 95. This was separated out so the definition of additional policies was easier.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00333-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[We require that implementations allow this policy and Ceiling_Locking together.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00355-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[We explicitly defined FIFO_Within_Priorities to be a task dispatching policy.]} @end{DiffWord95} @LabeledAddedSubClause{Version=[2],Name=[Non-Preemptive Dispatching]} @begin{Intro} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00298-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[@Redundant[This clause defines a non-preemptive task dispatching policy.]]} @end{Intro} @begin{StaticSem} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00298-01],ARef=[AI95-00355-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[The @SynI{policy_}@nt{identifier} Non_Preemptive_FIFO_Within_Priorities is a task dispatching policy.]} @end{StaticSem} @begin{Legality} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00355-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[Non_Preemptive_FIFO_Within_Priorities shall not be specified as the @SynI{policy_}@nt{identifier} of @nt{pragma} Priority_Specific_Dispatching (see @RefSecNum{Task Dispatching Pragmas}).]} @begin{Reason} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[The non-preemptive nature of this policy could cause the policies of higher priority tasks to malfunction, missing deadlines and having unlimited priority inversion. That would render the use of such policies impotent and misleading. As such, this policy only makes sense for a complete system.]} @end{Reason} @end{Legality} @begin{RunTime} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00298-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[When Non_Preemptive_FIFO_Within_Priorities is in effect, modifications to the ready queues occur only as follows:]} @begin{itemize} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00298-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[When a blocked task becomes ready, it is added at the tail of the ready queue for its active priority.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[When the active priority of a ready task that is not running changes, or the setting of its base priority takes effect, the task is removed from the ready queue for its old active priority and is added at the tail of the ready queue for its new active priority.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[When the setting of the base priority of a running task takes effect, the task is added to the tail of the ready queue for its active priority.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[When a task executes a @nt{delay_statement} that does not result in blocking, it is added to the tail of the ready queue for its active priority.]} @begin{Ramification} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[If the delay does result in blocking, the task moves to the @lquotes@;delay queue@rquotes@;, not to the ready queue.]} @end{Ramification} @end{itemize} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[For this policy, a non-blocking @nt{delay_statement} is the only non-blocking event that is a task dispatching point (see @RefSecNum{The Task Dispatching Model}).@PDefn{task dispatching point} @PDefn{dispatching point}]} @end{RunTime} @begin{ImplReq} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00333-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[An implementation shall allow, for a single partition, both the task dispatching policy to be specified as Non_Preemptive_FIFO_Within_Priorities and also the locking policy (see @RefSecNum{Priority Ceiling Locking}) to be specified as Ceiling_Locking.]} @begin{Reason} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[This is the preferred combination of the Non_Preemptive_FIFO_Within_Priorities policy with a locking policy, and we want that combination to be portable.]} @end{Reason} @end{ImplReq} @begin{ImplPerm} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00298-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[Since implementations are allowed to round all ceiling priorities in subrange System.Priority to System.Priority'Last (see @RefSecNum{Priority Ceiling Locking}), an implementation may allow a task to execute within a protected object without raising its active priority provided the associated protected unit does not contain pragma Interrupt_Priority, Interrupt_Handler, or Attach_Handler.]} @end{ImplPerm} @begin{Extend95} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00298-01],ARef=[AI95-00355-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[@Defn{extensions to Ada 95} Policy Non_Preemptive_FIFO_Within_Priorities is new.]} @end{Extend95} @LabeledAddedSubClause{Version=[2],Name=[Round Robin Dispatching]} @begin{Intro} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00355-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[@Redundant[This clause defines the task dispatching policy Round_Robin_Within_Priorities and the package Round_Robin.]]} @end{Intro} @begin{StaticSem} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00355-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[The @SynI{policy}_@nt{identifier} Round_Robin_Within_Priorities is a task dispatching policy.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00355-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],KeepNext=[T],Type=[Leading],Text=[The following language-defined library package exists:]} @begin{Example} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[@key{with} System; @key{with} Ada.Real_Time; @key{package} Ada.Dispatching.Round_Robin @key{is}@ChildUnit{Parent=[Ada.Dispatching],Child=[Round_Robin]} @AdaObjDefn{Default_Quantum} : @key{constant} Ada.Real_Time.Time_Span := @RI[implementation-defined]; @key{procedure} @AdaSubDefn{Set_Quantum} (Pri : @key{in} System.Priority; Quantum : @key{in} Ada.Real_Time.Time_Span); @key{procedure} @AdaSubDefn{Set_Quantum} (Low, High : @key{in} System.Priority; Quantum : @key{in} Ada.Real_Time.Time_Span); @key{function} @AdaSubDefn{Actual_Quantum} (Pri : System.Priority) @key{return} Ada.Real_Time.Time_Span; @key{function} @AdaSubDefn{Is_Round_Robin} (Pri : System.Priority) @key{return} Boolean; @key{end} Ada.Dispatching.Round_Robin;]} @end{Example} @ChgImplDef{Version=[2],Kind=[Added],Text=[@ChgAdded{Version=[2], Text=[The value of Default_Quantum in Dispatching.Round_Robin.]}]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00355-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[When task dispatching policy Round_Robin_Within_Priorities is the single policy in effect for a partition, each task with priority in the range of System.Interrupt_Priority is dispatched according to policy FIFO_Within_Priorities.]} @end{StaticSem} @begin{Runtime} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00355-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[The procedures Set_Quantum set the required Quantum value for a single priority level Pri or a range of priority levels Low .. High. If no quantum is set for a Round Robin priority level, Default_Quantum is used.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00355-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[The function Actual_Quantum returns the actual quantum used by the implementation for the priority level Pri.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00355-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[The function Is_Round_Robin returns True if priority Pri is covered by task dispatching policy Round_Robin_Within_Priorities; otherwise it returns False.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00355-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[A call of Actual_Quantum or Set_Quantum raises exception Dispatching.Dispatching_Policy_Error if a predefined policy other than Round_Robin_Within_Priorities applies to the specified priority or any of the priorities in the specified range.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00355-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Type=[Leading],Text=[For Round_Robin_Within_Priorities, the dispatching rules for FIFO_Within_Priorities apply with the following additional rules:]} @begin{Itemize} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[When a task is added or moved to the tail of the ready queue for its base priority, it has an execution time budget equal to the quantum for that priority level. This will also occur when a blocked task becomes executable again.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[When a task is preempted (by a higher priority task) and is added to the head of the ready queue for its priority level, it retains its remaining budget.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[While a task is executing, its budget is decreased by the amount of execution time it uses. The accuracy of this accounting is the same as that for execution time clocks (see @RefSecNum{Execution Time}).]} @begin{Ramification} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[Note that this happens even when the task is executing at a higher, inherited priority, and even if that higher priority is dispatched by a different policy than round robin.]} @end{Ramification} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[When a task has exhausted its budget and is without an inherited priority (and is not executing within a protected operation), it is moved to the tail of the ready queue for its priority level. This is a task dispatching point.]} @begin{Ramification} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[In this case, it will be given a budget as described in the first bullet.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[The rules for FIFO_Within_Priority (to which these bullets are added) say that a task that has its base priority set to a Round Robin priority is moved to the tail of the ready queue for its new priority level, and then will be given a budget as described in the first bullet. That happens whether or not the task's original base priority was a Round Robin priority.]} @end{Ramification} @end{Itemize} @end{Runtime} @begin{ImplReq} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00333-01],ARef=[AI95-00355-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[An implementation shall allow, for a single partition, both the task dispatching policy to be specified as Round_Robin_Within_Priorities and also the locking policy (see @RefSecNum{Priority Ceiling Locking}) to be specified as Ceiling_Locking.]} @begin{Reason} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[This is the preferred combination of the Round_Robin_Within_Priorities policy with a locking policy, and we want that combination to be portable.]} @end{Reason} @end{ImplReq} @begin{DocReq} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00355-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[An implementation shall document the quantum values supported.]} @ChgDocReq{Version=[2],Kind=[Added],Text=[@ChgAdded{Version=[2], Text=[The quantum values supported for round robin dispatching.]}]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00355-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[An implementation shall document the accuracy with which it detects the exhaustion of the budget of a task.]} @ChgDocReq{Version=[2],Kind=[Added],Text=[@ChgAdded{Version=[2], Text=[The accuracy of the detection of the exhaustion of the budget of a task for round robin dispatching.]}]} @end{DocReq} @begin{Notes} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00355-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[Due to implementation constraints, the quantum value returned by Actual_Quantum might not be identical to that set with Set_Quantum.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00355-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[A task that executes continuously with an inherited priority will not be subject to round robin dispatching.]} @end{Notes} @begin{Extend95} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00355-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[@Defn{extensions to Ada 95} Policy Round_Robin_Within_Priorities and package Dispatching.Round_Robin are new.]} @end{Extend95} @RMNewPage@Comment{For printed Ada 2005 RM} @LabeledAddedSubClause{Version=[2],Name=[Earliest Deadline First Dispatching]} @begin{Intro} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00357-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[The deadline of a task is an indication of the urgency of the task; it represents a point on an ideal physical time line. The deadline might affect how resources are allocated to the task.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00357-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[This clause defines a package for representing the deadline of a task and a dispatching policy that defines Earliest Deadline First (EDF) dispatching. A pragma is defined to assign an initial deadline to a task.]} @begin{Discussion} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[This pragma is the only way of assigning an initial deadline to a task so that its activation can be controlled by EDF scheduling. This is similar to the way pragma Priority is used to give an initial priority to a task.]} @end{Discussion} @end{Intro} @begin{MetaRules} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00357-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[To predict the behavior of a multi-tasking program it is necessary to control access to the processor which is preemptive, and shared objects which are usually non-preemptive and embodied in protected objects. Two common dispatching policies for the processor are fixed priority and EDF. The most effective control over shared objects is via preemption levels. With a pure priority scheme a single notion of priority is used for processor dispatching and preemption levels. With EDF and similar schemes priority is used for preemption levels (only), with another measure used for dispatching. T.P. Baker showed (@i, March 1991, vol. 3, num. 1, @i) that for EDF a newly released task should only preempt the currently running task if it has an earlier deadline and a higher preemption level than any currently @lquotes@;locked@rquotes protected object. The rules of this clause implement this scheme including the case where the newly released task should execute before some existing tasks but not preempt the currently executing task.]} @end{MetaRules} @begin{Syntax} @begin{SyntaxText} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00357-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Type=[Leading],Keepnext=[T],Text=[The form of a @nt{pragma} Relative_Deadline is as follows:]} @end{SyntaxText} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=`@AddedPragmaSyn`Version=[2],@key{pragma} @prag (@SynI{relative_deadline_}@Syn2{expression});''} @end{Syntax} @begin{Resolution} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00357-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[The expected type for @SynI{relative_deadline_}@nt{expression} is Real_Time.Time_Span.]} @end{Resolution} @begin{Legality} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00357-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[A Relative_Deadline pragma is allowed only immediately within a @nt{task_definition} or the @nt{declarative_part} of a @nt{subprogram_body}. At most one such pragma shall appear within a given construct.]} @end{Legality} @begin{StaticSem} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00357-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[The @SynI{policy_}@nt{identifier} EDF_Across_Priorities is a task dispatching policy.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00357-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],KeepNext=[T],Type=[Leading],Text=[The following language-defined library package exists:]} @begin{Example} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[@key{with} Ada.Real_Time; @key{with} Ada.Task_Identification; @key{package} Ada.Dispatching.EDF @key{is}@ChildUnit{Parent=[Ada.Dispatching],Child=[EDF]} @key{subtype} @AdaSubtypeDefn{Name=[Deadline],Of=[Time]} @key{is} Ada.Real_Time.Time; @AdaObjDefn{Default_Deadline} : @key{constant} Deadline := Ada.Real_Time.Time_Last; @key{procedure} @AdaSubDefn{Set_Deadline} (D : @key{in} Deadline; T : @key{in} Ada.Task_Identification.Task_Id := Ada.Task_Identification.Current_Task); @key{procedure} @AdaSubDefn{Delay_Until_And_Set_Deadline} ( Delay_Until_Time : @key{in} Ada.Real_Time.Time; Deadline_Offset : @key{in} Ada.Real_Time.Time_Span); @key{function} @AdaSubDefn{Get_Deadline} (T : Ada.Task_Identification.Task_Id := Ada.Task_Identification.Current_Task) @key{return} Deadline; @key{end} Ada.Dispatching.EDF;]} @end{Example} @end{StaticSem} @begin{LinkTime} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00357-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[If the EDF_Across_Priorities policy is specified for a partition, then the Ceiling_Locking policy (see @RefSecNum{Priority Ceiling Locking}) shall also be specified for the partition.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00357-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[If the EDF_Across_Priorities policy appears in a Priority_Specific_Dispatching pragma (see @RefSecNum{Task Dispatching Pragmas}) in a partition, then the Ceiling_Locking policy (see @RefSecNum{Priority Ceiling Locking}) shall also be specified for the partition.]} @begin{Reason} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[Unlike the other language-defined dispatching policies, the semantic description of EDF_Across_Priorities assumes Ceiling_Locking (and a ceiling priority) in order to make the mapping between deadlines and priorities work. Thus, we require both policies to be specified if EDF is used in the partition.]} @end{Reason} @end{LinkTime} @begin{RunTime} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00357-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[A Relative_Deadline pragma has no effect if it occurs in the @nt{declarative_part} of the @nt{subprogram_body} of a subprogram other than the main subprogram.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00357-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[The initial absolute deadline of a task containing pragma Relative_Deadline is the value of Real_Time.Clock + @SynI{relative_deadline_}@nt{expression}, where the call of Real_Time.Clock is made between task creation and the start of its activation. If there is no Relative_Deadline pragma then the initial absolute deadline of a task is the value of Default_Deadline. @Redundant[The environment task is also given an initial deadline by this rule.]]} @begin{TheProof} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[The environment task is a normal task by @RefSecNum{Program Execution}, so of course this rule applies to it.]} @end{TheProof} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00357-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[The procedure Set_Deadline changes the absolute deadline of the task to D. The function Get_Deadline returns the absolute deadline of the task.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00357-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[The procedure Delay_Until_And_Set_Deadline delays the calling task until time Delay_Until_Time. When the task becomes runnable again it will have deadline Delay_Until_Time + Deadline_Offset.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00357-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[On a system with a single processor, the setting of the deadline of a task to the new value occurs immediately at the first point that is outside the execution of a protected action. If the task is currently on a ready queue it is removed and re-entered on to the ready queue determined by the rules defined below.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00357-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[When EDF_Across_Priorities is specified for priority range @i..@i all ready queues in this range are ordered by deadline. The task at the head of a queue is the one with the earliest deadline.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00357-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Type=[Leading],Text=[A task dispatching point occurs for the currently running task @i to which policy EDF_Across_Priorities applies:]} @begin{Itemize} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[when a change to the deadline of @i occurs;]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[there is a task on the ready queue for the active priority of @i with a deadline earlier than the deadline of @i; or]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[there is a non-empty ready queue for that processor with a higher priority than the active priority of the running task.]} @end{Itemize} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[In these cases, the currently running task is said to be preempted and is returned to the ready queue for its active priority.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00357-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Type=[Leading],Text=[For a task @i to which policy EDF_Across_Priorities applies, the base priority is not a source of priority inheritance; the active priority when first activated or while it is blocked is defined as the maximum of the following:]} @begin{Itemize} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[the lowest priority in the range specified as EDF_Across_Priorities that includes the base priority of @i;]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[the priorities, if any, currently inherited by @i;]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[the highest priority @i

, if any, less than the base priority of @i such that one or more tasks are executing within a protected object with ceiling priority @i

and task @i has an earlier deadline than all such tasks.]} @end{Itemize} @begin{Ramification} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[The active priority of @i might be lower than its base priority.]} @end{Ramification} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00357-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[When a task @i is first activated or becomes unblocked, it is added to the ready queue corresponding to this active priority. Until it becomes blocked again, the active priority of @i remains no less than this value; it will exceed this value only while it is inheriting a higher priority.]} @begin{Discussion} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[These rules ensure that a task executing in a protected object is preempted only by a task with a shorter deadline and a higher base priority. This matches the traditional preemption level description without the need to define a new kind of protected object locking.]} @end{Discussion} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00357-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[When the setting of the base priority of a ready task takes effect and the new priority is in a range specified as EDF_Across_Priorities, the task is added to the ready queue corresponding to its new active priority, as determined above.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00357-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[For all the operations defined in Dispatching.EDF, Tasking_Error is raised if the task identified by T has terminated. Program_Error is raised if the value of T is Null_Task_Id.]} @end{RunTime} @begin{Bounded} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00357-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[@PDefn2{Term=(bounded error),Sec=(cause)} If EDF_Across_Priorities is specified for priority range @i..@i, it is a bounded error to declare a protected object with ceiling priority @i or to assign the value @i to attribute 'Priority. In either case either Program_Error is raised or the ceiling of the protected object is assigned the value @i+1.]} @end{Bounded} @begin{Erron} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00357-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[@PDefn2{Term=(erroneous execution),Sec=(cause)} If a value of Task_Id is passed as a parameter to any of the subprograms of this package and the corresponding task object no longer exists, the execution of the program is erroneous.]} @end{Erron} @begin{DocReq} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00357-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[On a multiprocessor, the implementation shall document any conditions that cause the completion of the setting of the deadline of a task to be delayed later than what is specified for a single processor.]} @ChgDocReq{Version=[2],Kind=[Added],Text=[@ChgAdded{Version=[2], Text=[Any conditions that cause the completion of the setting of the deadline of a task to be delayed for a multiprocessor.]}]} @end{DocReq} @begin{Notes} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00357-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[If two adjacent priority ranges, @i..@i and @i+1..@i are specified to have policy EDF_Across_Priorities then this is not equivalent to this policy being specified for the single range, @i..@i.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00357-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[The above rules implement the preemption-level protocol (also called Stack Resource Policy protocol) for resource sharing under EDF dispatching. The preemption-level for a task is denoted by its base priority. The definition of a ceiling preemption-level for a protected object follows the existing rules for ceiling locking.]} @begin{ImplNote} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00357-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[An implementation may support additional dispatching policies by replacing absolute deadline with an alternative measure of urgency.]} @end{ImplNote} @end{Notes} @begin{Extend95} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00357-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[@Defn{extensions to Ada 95} Policy EDF_Across_Priorities and package Dispatching.EDF are new.]} @end{Extend95} @LabeledClause{Priority Ceiling Locking} @begin{Intro} @Redundant[This clause specifies the interactions between priority task scheduling and protected object ceilings. This interaction is based on the concept of the @i{ceiling priority} of a protected object.] @end{Intro} @begin{Syntax} @begin{SyntaxText} @Leading@Keepnext@;The form of a @nt{pragma} Locking_Policy is as follows: @end{SyntaxText} @PragmaSyn`@key{pragma} @prag(Locking_Policy)(@SynI{policy_}@Syn2{identifier});' @end{Syntax} @begin{Legality} The @SynI{policy_}@Syn2{identifier} shall either be Ceiling_Locking or an implementation-defined @Syn2{identifier}. @ImplDef{Implementation-defined @SynI{policy_}@Syn2{identifier}s allowed in a @nt{pragma} Locking_Policy.} @end{Legality} @begin{LinkTime} @PDefn2{Term=[configuration pragma], Sec=(Locking_Policy)} @PDefn2{Term=[pragma, configuration], Sec=(Locking_Policy)} A Locking_Policy pragma is a configuration pragma. @end{LinkTime} @begin{RunTime} @ChgRef{Version=[1],Kind=[Revised],Ref=[8652/0073],ARef=[AI95-00091-01]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Revised],ARef=[AI95-00327-01]} @Defn{locking policy} @Redundant[A locking policy specifies the details of protected object locking. @Chg{Version=[2],New=[All protected objects have a priority. The locking policy specifies the meaning of the priority of a],Old=[These rules specify whether or not]} protected @Chg{Version=[2], New=[object],Old=[objects have priorities]}, and the relationships between these priorities and task priorities. In addition, the policy specifies the state of a task when it executes a protected action, and how its active priority is affected by the locking.] The @i{locking policy} is specified by a Locking_Policy pragma. For implementation-defined locking policies, the @Chg{Version=[2],New=[meaning of the priority of],Old=[effect of a Priority or Interrupt_Priority pragma on]} a protected object is implementation defined. If no Locking_Policy pragma @Chg{New=[applies to],Old=[appears in]} any of the program units comprising a partition, the locking policy for that partition, as well as the @Chg{Version=[2],New=[meaning of the priority of],Old=[effect of specifying either a Priority or Interrupt_Priority pragma for]} a protected object, are implementation defined. @Chg{Version=[2],New=[@Defn2{Term=[Priority],Sec=[of a protected object]}],Old=[]} @ChgImplDef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],Text=[@ChgAdded{Version=[2], Text=[The locking policy if no Locking_Policy pragma applies to any unit of a partition.]}]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Added],ARef=[AI95-00327-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[The @nt{expression} of a Priority or Interrupt_Priority pragma (see @RefSecNum{Task Priorities}) is evaluated as part of the creation of the corresponding protected object and converted to the subtype System.Any_Priority or System.Interrupt_Priority, respectively. The value of the expression is the initial priority of the corresponding protected object. If no Priority or Interrupt_Priority pragma applies to a protected object, the initial priority is specified by the locking policy. @PDefn2{Term=[implicit subtype conversion],Sec=(pragma Priority)} @PDefn2{Term=[implicit subtype conversion],Sec=(pragma Interrupt_Priority)}]} @Leading@;There is one predefined locking policy, Ceiling_Locking; this policy is defined as follows: @begin{itemize} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Revised],ARef=[AI95-00327-01]} @Defn2{Term=[ceiling priority], Sec=(of a protected object)} Every protected object has a @i{ceiling priority}, which is determined by either a Priority or Interrupt_Priority pragma as defined in @RefSecNum{Task Priorities}@Chg{Version=[2],New=[, or by assignment to the Priority attribute as described in @RefSecNum{Dynamic Priorities for Protected Objects}],Old=[]}. The ceiling priority of a protected object (or ceiling, for short) is an upper bound on the active priority a task can have when it calls protected operations of that protected object. @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Revised],ARef=[AI95-00327-01]} The @Chg{Version=[2],New=[initial ceiling priority of a],Old=[@nt{expression} of a Priority or Interrupt_Priority pragma is evaluated as part of the creation of the corresponding]} protected object @Chg{Version=[2],New=[is equal to the initial priority for that object.],Old=[and converted to the subtype System.Any_Priority or System.Interrupt_Priority, respectively. The value of the @nt{expression} is the ceiling priority of the corresponding protected object. @PDefn2{Term=[implicit subtype conversion],Sec=(pragma Priority)} @PDefn2{Term=[implicit subtype conversion],Sec=(pragma Interrupt_Priority)}]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Revised],ARef=[AI95-00327-01]} If an Interrupt_Handler or Attach_Handler pragma (see @RefSecNum{Protected Procedure Handlers}) appears in a @nt{protected_definition} without an Interrupt_Priority pragma, the @Chg{Version=[2],New=[initial],Old=[ceiling]} priority of protected objects of that type is implementation defined, but in the range of the subtype System.Interrupt_Priority. @ImplDef{Default ceiling priorities.} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Revised],ARef=[AI95-00327-01]} If no @nt{pragma} Priority, Interrupt_Priority, Interrupt_Handler, or Attach_Handler is specified in the @nt{protected_definition}, then the @Chg{Version=[2],New=[initial],Old=[ceiling]} priority of the corresponding protected object is System.Priority'Last. While a task executes a protected action, it inherits the ceiling priority of the corresponding protected object. @IndexCheck{Ceiling_Check} @Defn2{Term=[Program_Error],Sec=(raised by failure of run-time check)} When a task calls a protected operation, a check is made that its active priority is not higher than the ceiling of the corresponding protected object; Program_Error is raised if this check fails. @end{Itemize} @end{RunTime} @begin{Bounded} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Added],ARef=[AI95-00327-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Type=[Leading],Text=[Following any change of priority, it is a bounded error for the active priority of any task with a call queued on an entry of a protected object to be higher than the ceiling priority of the protected object. @PDefn2{Term=(bounded error),Sec=(cause)} In this case one of the following applies:]} @begin{Itemize} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Added]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[at any time prior to executing the entry body Program_Error is raised in the calling task; @Defn2{Term=[Program_Error],Sec=(raised by failure of run-time check)}]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Added]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[when the entry is open the entry body is executed at the ceiling priority of the protected object;]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Added]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[when the entry is open the entry body is executed at the ceiling priority of the protected object and then Program_Error is raised in the calling task; or @Defn2{Term=[Program_Error],Sec=(raised by failure of run-time check)}]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Added]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[when the entry is open the entry body is executed at the ceiling priority of the protected object that was in effect when the entry call was queued.]} @end{Itemize} @begin{Ramification} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Added]}@Comment{This note was moved along with the above rules} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[Note that the error is @lquotes@;blamed@rquotes@; on the task that did the entry call, not the task that changed the priority of the task or protected object. This seems to make sense for the case of changing the priority of a task blocked on a call, since if the Set_Priority had happened a little bit sooner, before the task queued a call, the entry-calling task would get the error. Similarly, there is no reason not to raise the priority of a task that is executing in an @nt{abortable_part}, so long as its priority is lowered before it gets to the end and needs to cancel the call. The priority might need to be lowered to allow it to remove the call from the entry queue, in order to avoid violating the ceiling. This seems relatively harmless, since there is an error, and the task is about to start raising an exception anyway.]} @end{Ramification} @end{Bounded} @begin{ImplPerm} The implementation is allowed to round all ceilings in a certain subrange of System.Priority or System.Interrupt_Priority up to the top of that subrange, uniformly. @begin{Discussion} For example, an implementation might use Priority'Last for all ceilings in Priority, and Interrupt_Priority'Last for all ceilings in Interrupt_Priority. This would be equivalent to having two ceiling priorities for protected objects, @lquotes@;nonpreemptible@rquotes@; and @lquotes@;noninterruptible@rquotes@;, and is an allowed behavior. Note that the implementation cannot choose a subrange that crosses the boundary between normal and interrupt priorities. @end{Discussion} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Revised],ARef=[AI95-00256-01]} Implementations are allowed to define other locking policies, but need not support more than one @Chg{Version=[2],New=[locking],Old=[such]} policy per partition. @Redundant[Since implementations are allowed to place restrictions on code that runs at an interrupt-level active priority (see @RefSecNum{Protected Procedure Handlers} and @RefSecNum{The Task Dispatching Model}), the implementation may implement a language feature in terms of a protected object with an implementation-defined ceiling, but the ceiling shall be no less than Priority'Last.] @ImplDef{The ceiling of any protected object used internally by the implementation.} @begin{TheProof} This permission follows from the fact that the implementation can place restrictions on interrupt handlers and on any other code that runs at an interrupt-level active priority. The implementation might protect a storage pool with a protected object whose ceiling is Priority'Last, which would cause @nt{allocator}s to fail when evaluated at interrupt priority. Note that the ceiling of such an object has to be at least Priority'Last, since there is no permission for @nt{allocator}s to fail when evaluated at a non-interrupt priority. @end{TheProof} @end{ImplPerm} @begin{ImplAdvice} The implementation should use names that end with @lquotes@;_Locking@rquotes@; for implementation-defined locking policies. @ChgImplAdvice{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],Text=[@ChgAdded{Version=[2], Text=[Names that end with @lquotes@;_Locking@rquotes@; should be used for implementation-defined locking policies.]}]} @end{ImplAdvice} @begin{Notes} While a task executes in a protected action, it can be preempted only by tasks whose active priorities are higher than the ceiling priority of the protected object. If a protected object has a ceiling priority in the range of Interrupt_Priority, certain interrupts are blocked while protected actions of that object execute. In the extreme, if the ceiling is Interrupt_Priority'Last, all blockable interrupts are blocked during that time. The ceiling priority of a protected object has to be in the Interrupt_Priority range if one of its procedures is to be used as an interrupt handler (see @RefSecNum{Interrupt Support}). When specifying the ceiling of a protected object, one should choose a value that is at least as high as the highest active priority at which tasks can be executing when they call protected operations of that object. In determining this value the following factors, which can affect active priority, should be considered: the effect of Set_Priority, nested protected operations, entry calls, task activation, and other implementation-defined factors. Attaching a protected procedure whose ceiling is below the interrupt hardware priority to an interrupt causes the execution of the program to be erroneous (see @RefSecNum{Protected Procedure Handlers}). On a single processor implementation, the ceiling priority rules guarantee that there is no possibility of deadlock involving only protected subprograms (excluding the case where a protected operation calls another protected operation on the same protected object). @end{Notes} @begin{Extend95} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00327-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[@Defn{extensions to Ada 95} All protected objects now have a priority, which is the value of the Priority attribute of @RefSecNum{Dynamic Priorities for Protected Objects}. How this value is interpreted depends on the locking policy; for instance, the ceiling priority is derived from this value when the locking policy is Ceiling_Locking.]} @end{Extend95} @begin{DiffWord95} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],Ref=[8652/0073],ARef=[AI95-00091-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[@b Corrected the wording to reflect that pragma Locking_Policy cannot be inside of a program unit.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00256-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[Clarified that an implementation need support only one locking policy (of any kind, language-defined or otherwise) per partition.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00327-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[The bounded error for the priority of a task being higher than the ceiling of an object it is currently in was moved here from @RefSecNum{Dynamic Priorities}, so that it applies no matter how the situation arises.]} @end{DiffWord95} @Comment{@RMNewPage Break here so printed Ada 95 RM looks better.} @LabeledClause{Entry Queuing Policies} @begin{Intro} @ChgRef{Version=[1],Kind=[Revised],Ref=[8652/0074],ARef=[AI95-00068-01]} @Redundant[@Defn{queuing policy} This clause specifies a mechanism for a user to choose an entry @i{queuing policy}. It also defines @Chg{New=[two],Old=[one]} such polic@Chg{New=[ies],Old=[y]}. Other policies are implementation defined.] @ImplDef{Implementation-defined queuing policies.} @end{Intro} @begin{Syntax} @begin{SyntaxText} @Leading@Keepnext@;The form of a @nt{pragma} Queuing_Policy is as follows: @end{SyntaxText} @PragmaSyn`@key{pragma} @prag(Queuing_Policy)(@SynI{policy_}@Syn2{identifier});' @end{Syntax} @begin{Legality} The @SynI{policy_}@Syn2{identifier} shall be either FIFO_Queuing, Priority_Queuing or an implementation-defined @Syn2{identifier}. @end{Legality} @begin{LinkTime} @PDefn2{Term=[configuration pragma], Sec=(Queuing_Policy)} @PDefn2{Term=[pragma, configuration], Sec=(Queuing_Policy)} A Queuing_Policy pragma is a configuration pragma. @end{LinkTime} @begin{RunTime} @Defn{queuing policy} @Redundant[A @i{queuing policy} governs the order in which tasks are queued for entry service, and the order in which different entry queues are considered for service.] The queuing policy is specified by a Queuing_Policy pragma. @begin{Ramification} The queuing policy includes entry queuing order, the choice among open alternatives of a @nt{selective_accept}, and the choice among queued entry calls of a protected object when more than one @nt{entry_barrier} @nt{condition} is True. @end{Ramification} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Revised],ARef=[AI95-00355-01]} Two queuing policies, FIFO_Queuing and Priority_Queuing, are language defined. If no Queuing_Policy pragma @Chg{Version=[2],New=[applies to],Old=[appears in]} any of the program units comprising the partition, the queuing policy for that partition is FIFO_Queuing. The rules for this policy are specified in @RefSecNum{Entry Calls} and @RefSecNum{Selective Accept}. @Leading@Keepnext@;The Priority_Queuing policy is defined as follows: @begin{itemize} @Defn{priority of an entry call} The calls to an entry @Redundant[(including a member of an entry family)] are queued in an order consistent with the priorities of the calls. The @i{priority of an entry call} is initialized from the active priority of the calling task at the time the call is made, but can change later. Within the same priority, the order is consistent with the calling (or requeuing, or priority setting) time (that is, a FIFO order). @ChgRef{Version=[1],Kind=[Revised],Ref=[8652/0075],ARef=[AI95-00205-01]} After a call is first queued, changes to the active priority of a task do not affect the priority of the call, unless the base priority of the task is set@Chg{New=[ while the task is blocked on an entry call],Old=[]}. When the base priority of a task is set (see @RefSecNum{Dynamic Priorities}), if the task is blocked on an entry call, and the call is queued, the priority of the call is updated to the new active priority of the calling task. This causes the call to be removed from and then reinserted in the queue at the new active priority. @begin{Reason} A task is blocked on an entry call if the entry call is simple, conditional, or timed. If the call came from the @nt{triggering_statement} of an @nt{asynchronous_select}, or a requeue thereof, then the task is not blocked on that call; such calls do not have their priority updated. Thus, there can exist many queued calls from a given task (caused by many nested ATC's), but a task can be blocked on only one call at a time. A previous version of Ada 9X required queue reordering in the @nt{asynchronous_select} case as well. If the call corresponds to a @lquotes@;synchronous@rquotes@; entry call, then the task is blocked while queued, and it makes good sense to move it up in the queue if its priority is raised. However, if the entry call is @lquotes@;asynchronous,@rquotes@; that is, it is due to an @nt{asynchronous_select} whose @nt{triggering_statement} is an entry call, then the task is not waiting for this entry call, so the placement of the entry call on the queue is irrelevant to the rate at which the task proceeds. Furthermore, when an entry is used for @nt{asynchronous_select}s, it is almost certain to be a @lquotes@;broadcast@rquotes@; entry or have only one caller at a time. For example, if the entry is used to notify tasks of a mode switch, then all tasks on the entry queue would be signaled when the mode changes. Similarly, if it is indicating some interrupting event such as a control-C, all tasks sensitive to the interrupt will want to be informed that the event occurred. Hence, the order on such a queue is essentially irrelevant. Given the above, it seems an unnecessary semantic and implementation complexity to specify that asynchronous queued calls are moved in response to dynamic priority changes. Furthermore, it is somewhat inconsistent, since the call was originally queued based on the active priority of the task, but dynamic priority changes are changing the base priority of the task, and only indirectly the active priority. We say explicitly that asynchronous queued calls are not affected by normal changes in active priority during the execution of an @nt{abortable_part}. Saying that, if a change in the base priority affects the active priority, then we do want the calls reordered, would be inconsistent. It would also require the implementation to maintain a readily accessible list of all queued calls which would not otherwise be necessary. Several rules were removed or simplified when we changed the rules so that calls due to @nt{asynchronous_select}s are never moved due to intervening changes in active priority, be they due to protected actions, some other priority inheritance, or changes in the base priority. @end{Reason} When more than one @nt{condition} of an @nt{entry_barrier} of a protected object becomes True, and more than one of the respective queues is nonempty, the call with the highest priority is selected. If more than one such call has the same priority, the call that is queued on the entry whose declaration is first in textual order in the @nt{protected_definition} is selected. For members of the same entry family, the one with the lower family index is selected. If the expiration time of two or more open @nt{delay_alternative}s is the same and no other @nt{accept_alternative}s are open, the @nt{sequence_of_statements} of the @nt{delay_alternative} that is first in textual order in the @nt{selective_accept} is executed. When more than one alternative of a @nt{selective_accept} is open and has queued calls, an alternative whose queue has the highest-priority call at its head is selected. If two or more open alternatives have equal-priority queued calls, then a call on the entry in the @nt{accept_alternative} that is first in textual order in the @nt{selective_accept} is selected. @end{itemize} @end{RunTime} @begin{ImplPerm} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Revised],ARef=[AI95-00256-01]} Implementations are allowed to define other queuing policies, but need not support more than one @Chg{Version=[2],New=[queuing],Old=[such]} policy per partition. @begin{Discussion} @ChgRef{Version=[1],Kind=[Added],Ref=[8652/0116],ARef=[AI95-00069-01]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[RevisedAdded],ARef=[AI95-00256-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[1],Text=[This rule is really redundant, as @RefSecNum(Pragmas and Program Units) allows an implementation to limit the use of configuration pragmas to an empty environment. In that case, there would be no way to have multiple policies in a partition.@Chg{Version=[2],New=[], Old=[ In any case, the wording here really ought to be "...more than one queuing policy per partition.", since this part of the rule applies to all queuing policies, not just implementation-defined ones.]}]} @end{Discussion} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Added],ARef=[AI95-00188-02]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[Implementations are allowed to defer the reordering of entry queues following a change of base priority of a task blocked on the entry call if it is not practical to reorder the queue immediately.]} @begin{Reason} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Added]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[Priority change is immediate, but the effect of the change on entry queues can be deferred. That is necessary in order to implement priority changes on top of a non-Ada kernel.]} @end{Reason} @begin{Discussion} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Added]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[The reordering should occur as soon as the blocked task can itself perform the reinsertion into the entry queue.]} @end{Discussion} @end{ImplPerm} @begin{ImplAdvice} The implementation should use names that end with @lquotes@;_Queuing@rquotes@; for implementation-defined queuing policies. @ChgImplAdvice{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],Text=[@ChgAdded{Version=[2], Text=[Names that end with @lquotes@;_Queuing@rquotes@; should be used for implementation-defined queuing policies.]}]} @end{ImplAdvice} @begin{DiffWord95} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],Ref=[8652/0074],ARef=[AI95-00068-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[@b Corrected the number of queuing policies defined.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],Ref=[8652/0075],ARef=[AI95-00205-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[@b Corrected so that a call of Set_Priority in an abortable part does not change the priority of the triggering entry call.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00188-02]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[Added a permission to defer queue reordering when the base priority of a task is changed. This is a counterpart to stronger requirements on the implementation of priority change.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00256-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[Clarified that an implementation need support only one queuing policy (of any kind, language-defined or otherwise) per partition.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00355-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[Fixed wording to make clear that @nt{pragma} never appears inside of a unit; rather it @lquotes@;applies to@rquotes the unit.]} @end{DiffWord95} @LabeledClause{Dynamic Priorities} @begin{Intro} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00327-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[@Redundant[This clause describes how the priority of an entity can be modified or queried at run time.]]} @end{Intro} @begin{DiffWord95} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00327-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[This clause is turned into two subclauses. This clause introduction is new.]} @end{DiffWord95} @LabeledAddedSubClause{Version=[2],Name=[Dynamic Priorities for Tasks]} @begin{Intro} @Redundant[This clause describes how the base priority of a task can be modified or queried at run time.] @end{Intro} @begin{StaticSem} @Leading@Keepnext@;The following language-defined library package exists: @begin{Example} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Revised],ARef=[AI95-00362-01]} @key[with] System; @key[with] Ada.Task_Identification; @RI{-- See @RefSecNum[The Package Task_Identification]} @key[package] Ada.Dynamic_Priorities @key[is]@ChildUnit{Parent=[Ada],Child=[Dynamic_Priorities]}@Chg{Version=[2],New=[ @key[pragma] Preelaborate(Dynamic_Priorities);],Old=[]} @key[procedure] @AdaSubDefn{Set_Priority}(Priority : @key[in] System.Any_Priority; T : @key[in] Ada.Task_Identification.Task_Id := Ada.Task_Identification.Current_Task); @key[function] @AdaSubDefn{Get_Priority} (T : Ada.Task_Identification.Task_Id := Ada.Task_Identification.Current_Task) @key[return] System.Any_Priority; @key[end] Ada.Dynamic_Priorities; @end{example} @end{StaticSem} @begin{RunTime} The procedure Set_Priority sets the base priority of the specified task to the specified Priority value. Set_Priority has no effect if the task is terminated. The function Get_Priority returns T's current base priority. @Defn2{Term=[Tasking_Error],Sec=(raised by failure of run-time check)} Tasking_Error is raised if the task is terminated. @begin{Reason} There is no harm in setting the priority of a terminated task. A previous version of Ada 9X made this a run-time error. However, there is little difference between setting the priority of a terminated task, and setting the priority of a task that is about to terminate very soon; neither case should be an error. Furthermore, the run-time check is not necessarily feasible to implement on all systems, since priority changes might be deferred due to inter-processor communication overhead, so the error might not be detected until after Set_Priority has returned. However, we wish to allow implementations to avoid storing @lquotes@;extra@rquotes@; information about terminated tasks. Therefore, we make Get_Priority of a terminated task raise an exception; the implementation need not continue to store the priority of a task that has terminated. @end{Reason} @Defn2{Term=[Program_Error],Sec=(raised by failure of run-time check)} Program_Error is raised by Set_Priority and Get_Priority if T is equal to Null_Task_Id. @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Revised],ARef=[AI95-00188-02]} @Chg{Version=[2],New=[On a system with a single processor, the setting of], Old=[Setting]} the @Chg{Version=[2],New=[],Old=[task's ]}base priority@Chg{Version=[2],New=[ of a task @i{T}],Old=[]} to the new value @Chg{Version=[2], New=[occurs immediately at the first point when @i{T} is outside the execution of],Old=[takes place as soon as is practical but not while the task is performing]} a protected action@Chg{Version=[2],New=[],Old=[. This setting occurs no later then the next abort completion point of the task T (see @RefSecNum{Abort of a Task - Abort of a Sequence of Statements})]}. @begin{ImplNote} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Revised],ARef=[AI95-00188-02]} @Chg{Version=[2],New=[The priority change is immediate if the target task is on a delay queue or a ready queue outside of a protected action. However, consider when],Old=[When]} Set_Priority is called by a task T1 to set the priority of T2, if T2 is blocked, waiting on an entry call queued on a protected object, the entry queue needs to be reordered. Since T1 might have a priority that is higher than the ceiling of the protected object, T1 cannot, in general, do the reordering. One way to implement this is to wake T2 up and have T2 do the work. This is similar to the disentangling of queues that needs to happen when a high-priority task aborts a lower-priority task, which might have a call queued on a protected object with a low ceiling.@Chg{Version=[2],New=[ We have an @ImplPermName in @RefSecNum{Entry Queuing Policies} to allow this implementation. We could have required an immediate priority change if on a ready queue during a protected action, but that would have required extra checks for ceiling violations to meet @BoundedName requirements of @RefSecNum{Priority Ceiling Locking} and potentially could cause a protected action to be abandoned in the middle (by raising Program_Error). That seems bad.],Old=[]} @end{ImplNote} @begin{Reason} @Leading@;A previous version of Ada 9X made it a run-time error for a high-priority task to set the priority of a lower-priority task that has a queued call on a protected object with a low ceiling. This was changed because: @begin{Itemize} The check was not feasible to implement on all systems, since priority changes might be deferred due to inter-processor communication overhead. The calling task would continue to execute without finding out whether the operation succeeded or not. The run-time check would tend to cause intermittent system failures @em how is the caller supposed to know whether the other task happens to have a queued call at any given time? Consider for example an interrupt that needs to trigger a priority change in some task. The interrupt handler could not safely call Set_Priority without knowing exactly what the other task is doing, or without severely restricting the ceilings used in the system. If the interrupt handler wants to hand the job off to a third task whose job is to call Set_Priority, this won't help, because one would normally want the third task to have high priority. @end{Itemize} @end{Reason} @end{RunTime} @begin{Bounded} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Deleted],ARef=[AI95-00327-01]} @ChgDeleted{Version=[2],Text=[@PDefn2{Term=(bounded error),Sec=(cause)} If a task is blocked on a protected entry call, and the call is queued, it is a bounded error to raise its base priority above the ceiling priority of the corresponding protected object. When an entry call is cancelled, it is a bounded error if the priority of the calling task is higher than the ceiling priority of the corresponding protected object. @Defn2{Term=[Program_Error],Sec=(raised by failure of run-time check)} In either of these cases, either Program_Error is raised in the task that called the entry, or its priority is temporarily lowered, or both, or neither.]} @begin{Ramification} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Deleted]} @ChgDeleted{Version=[2],Text=[Note that the error is @lquotes@;blamed@rquotes@; on the task that did the entry call, not the task that called Set_Priority. This seems to make sense for the case of a task blocked on a call, since if the Set_Priority had happened a little bit sooner, before the task queued a call, the entry-calling task would get the error. In the other case, there is no reason not to raise the priority of a task that is executing in an @nt{abortable_part}, so long as its priority is lowered before it gets to the end and needs to cancel the call. The priority might need to be lowered to allow it to remove the call from the entry queue, in order to avoid violating the ceiling. This seems relatively harmless, since there is an error, and the task is about to start raising an exception anyway.]} @end{Ramification} @end{Bounded} @begin{Erron} @PDefn2{Term=(erroneous execution),Sec=(cause)} If any subprogram in this package is called with a parameter T that specifies a task object that no longer exists, the execution of the program is erroneous. @begin{Ramification} Note that this rule overrides the above rule saying that Program_Error is raised on Get_Priority of a terminated task. If the task object still exists, and the task is terminated, Get_Priority raises Program_Error. However, if the task object no longer exists, calling Get_Priority causes erroneous execution. @end{Ramification} @end{Erron} @begin{DocReq} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Added],ARef=[AI95-00188-02]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[On a multiprocessor, the implementation shall document any conditions that cause the completion of the setting of the priority of a task to be delayed later than what is specified for a single processor.]} @ChgDocReq{Version=[2],Kind=[Added],Text=[@ChgAdded{Version=[2], Text=[Any conditions that cause the completion of the setting of the priority of a task to be delayed for a multiprocessor.]}]} @end{DocReq} @begin{Metrics} @Leading@;The implementation shall document the following metric: @begin{Itemize} The execution time of a call to Set_Priority, for the nonpreempting case, in processor clock cycles. This is measured for a call that modifies the priority of a ready task that is not running (which cannot be the calling one), where the new base priority of the affected task is lower than the active priority of the calling task, and the affected task is not on any entry queue and is not executing a protected operation. @end{Itemize} @ChgDocReq{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],Text=[@ChgAdded{Version=[2], Text=[The metrics for Set_Priority.]}]} @end{Metrics} @begin{Notes} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Revised],ARef=[AI95-00321-01]} Setting a task's base priority affects task dispatching. First, it can change the task's active priority. Second, under the @Chg{Version=[2], New=[FIFO_Within_Priorities],Old=[standard task dispatching]} policy it always causes the task to move to the tail of the ready queue corresponding to its active priority, even if the new base priority is unchanged. Under the priority queuing policy, setting a task's base priority has an effect on a queued entry call if the task is blocked waiting for the call. That is, setting the base priority of a task causes the priority of a queued entry call from that task to be updated and the call to be removed and then reinserted in the entry queue at the new priority (see @RefSecNum{Entry Queuing Policies}), unless the call originated from the @nt{triggering_statement} of an @nt{asynchronous_select}. The effect of two or more Set_Priority calls executed in parallel on the same task is defined as executing these calls in some serial order. @begin{TheProof} This follows from the general reentrancy requirements stated near the beginning of @RefSec{Predefined Language Environment}. @end{TheProof} The rule for when Tasking_Error is raised for Set_Priority or Get_Priority is different from the rule for when Tasking_Error is raised on an entry call (see @RefSecNum{Entry Calls}). In particular, setting or querying the priority of a completed or an abnormal task is allowed, so long as the task is not yet terminated. Changing the priorities of a set of tasks can be performed by a series of calls to Set_Priority for each task separately. For this to work reliably, it should be done within a protected operation that has high enough ceiling priority to guarantee that the operation completes without being preempted by any of the affected tasks. @end{Notes} @begin{Extend95} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00188-02]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[@Defn{extensions to Ada 95} @b[Amendment Correction:] Priority changes are now required to be done immediately so long as the target task is not on an entry queue.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00362-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[Dynamic_Priorities is now Preelaborated, so it can be used in preelaborated units.]} @end{Extend95} @begin{DiffWord95} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00327-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[This Ada 95 clause was turned into a subclause. The paragraph numbers are the same as those for @RefSecNum{Dynamic Priorities} in Ada 95.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00321-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[There is no @lquotes@;standard@rquotes policy anymore, so that phrase was replaced by the name of a specific policy in the notes.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00327-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[The bounded error for the priority of a task being higher than the ceiling of an object it is currently in was moved to @RefSecNum{Priority Ceiling Locking}, so that it applies no matter how the situation arises.]} @end{DiffWord95} @RMNewPage@Comment{For printed Ada 2005 RM} @LabeledAddedSubClause{Version=[2],Name=[Dynamic Priorities for Protected Objects]} @begin{Intro} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00327-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[This clause specifies how the priority of a protected object can be modified or queried at run time.]} @end{Intro} @begin{StaticSem} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00327-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Type=[Leading],Keepnext=[T],Text=[The following attribute is defined for @PrefixType{a @nt{prefix} P that denotes a protected object}:]} @begin(Description) @ChgAttribute{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ChginAnnex=[T], Leading=, Prefix=

, AttrName=, ARef=[AI95-00327-01], Text=[@Chg{Version=[2],New=[Denotes a non-aliased component of the protected object P. This component is of type System.Any_Priority and its value is the priority of P. P'Priority denotes a variable if and only if P denotes a variable. A reference to this attribute shall appear only within the body of P.],Old=[]}]} @EndPrefixType{} @end{Description} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00327-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[The initial value of this attribute is the initial value of the priority of the protected object@Redundant[, and can be changed by an assignment].]} @end{StaticSem} @begin{Runtime} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00327-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[If the locking policy Ceiling_Locking (see @RefSecNum{Priority Ceiling Locking}) is in effect then the ceiling priority of a protected object @i

is set to the value of @i

'Priority at the end of each protected action of @i

.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00445-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[If the locking policy Ceiling_Locking is in effect, then for a protected object @i

with either an Attach_Handler or Interrupt_Handler pragma applying to one of its procedures, a check is made that the value to be assigned to @i

'Priority is in the range System.Interrupt_Priority. If the check fails, Program_Error is raised.@Defn2{Term=[Program_Error],Sec=(raised by failure of run-time check)}]} @end{Runtime} @begin{Metrics} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00327-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Type=[Leading],Text=[The implementation shall document the following metric:]} @begin{Itemize} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Type=[Leading],Text=[The difference in execution time of calls to the following procedures in protected object P:]} @begin{Example} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[@key P @key @key Do_Not_Set_Ceiling (Pr : System.Any_Priority); @key Set_Ceiling (Pr : System.Any_Priority); @key P;]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[@key P @key @key Do_Not_Set_Ceiling (Pr : System.Any_Priority) @key @key @key; @key; @key Set_Ceiling (Pr : System.Any_Priority) @key @key P'Priority := Pr; @key; @key P;]} @end{Example} @end{Itemize} @ChgDocReq{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],Text=[@ChgAdded{Version=[2], Text=[The metrics for setting the priority of a protected object.]}]} @end{Metrics} @begin{Notes} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00327-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[Since P'Priority is a normal variable, the value following an assignment to the attribute immediately reflects the new value even though its impact on the ceiling priority of P is postponed until completion of the protected action in which it is executed.]} @end{Notes} @begin{Extend95} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00327-01],ARef=[AI95-00445-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[@Defn{extensions to Ada 95} The ability to dynamically change and query the priority of a protected object is new.]} @end{Extend95} @RMNewPage@Comment{For printed RM Ada 2005 only} @LabeledClause{Preemptive Abort} @begin{Intro} @Redundant[This clause specifies requirements on the immediacy with which an aborted construct is completed.] @end{Intro} @begin{RunTime} On a system with a single processor, an aborted construct is completed immediately at the first point that is outside the execution of an abort-deferred operation. @end{RunTime} @begin{DocReq} On a multiprocessor, the implementation shall document any conditions that cause the completion of an aborted construct to be delayed later than what is specified for a single processor. @ChgImplDef{Version=[2],Kind=[Deleted],Text=[@ChgDeleted{Version=[2], Text=[On a multiprocessor, any conditions that cause the completion of an aborted construct to be delayed later than what is specified for a single processor.]}]} @ChgDocReq{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],Text=[@ChgAdded{Version=[2], Text=[On a multiprocessor, any conditions that cause the completion of an aborted construct to be delayed later than what is specified for a single processor.]}]} @end{DocReq} @begin{Metrics} @Leading@;The implementation shall document the following metrics: @begin{Itemize} The execution time, in processor clock cycles, that it takes for an @nt{abort_statement} to cause the completion of the aborted task. This is measured in a situation where a task T2 preempts task T1 and aborts T1. T1 does not have any finalization code. T2 shall verify that T1 has terminated, by means of the Terminated attribute. On a multiprocessor, an upper bound in seconds, on the time that the completion of an aborted task can be delayed beyond the point that it is required for a single processor. @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Revised],ARef=[AI95-00114-01]} An upper bound on the execution time of an @nt{asynchronous_select}, in processor clock cycles. This is measured between a point immediately before a task T1 executes a protected operation Pr.Set that makes the @nt{condition} of an @nt{entry_barrier} Pr.Wait @Chg{Version=[2], New=[True],Old=[true]}, and the point where task T2 resumes execution immediately after an entry call to Pr.Wait in an @nt{asynchronous_select}. T1 preempts T2 while T2 is executing the abortable part, and then blocks itself so that T2 can execute. The execution time of T1 is measured separately, and subtracted. An upper bound on the execution time of an @nt{asynchronous_select}, in the case that no asynchronous transfer of control takes place. This is measured between a point immediately before a task executes the @nt{asynchronous_select} with a nonnull abortable part, and the point where the task continues execution immediately after it. The execution time of the abortable part is subtracted. @end{Itemize} @ChgDocReq{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],Text=[@ChgAdded{Version=[2], Text=[The metrics for aborts.]}]} @end{Metrics} @begin{ImplAdvice} Even though the @nt{abort_statement} is included in the list of potentially blocking operations (see @RefSecNum{Protected Subprograms and Protected Actions}), it is recommended that this statement be implemented in a way that never requires the task executing the @nt{abort_statement} to block. @ChgImplAdvice{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],Text=[@ChgAdded{Version=[2], Text=[The @nt{abort_statement} should not require the task executing the statement to block.]}]} On a multi-processor, the delay associated with aborting a task on another processor should be bounded; the implementation should use periodic polling, if necessary, to achieve this. @ChgImplAdvice{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],Text=[@ChgAdded{Version=[2], Text=[On a multi-processor, the delay associated with aborting a task on another processor should be bounded.]}]} @end{ImplAdvice} @begin{Notes} Abortion does not change the active or base priority of the aborted task. Abortion cannot be more immediate than is allowed by the rules for deferral of abortion during finalization and in protected actions. @end{Notes} @LabeledClause{Tasking Restrictions} @begin{Intro} @Redundant[This clause defines restrictions that can be used with a pragma Restrictions (see @RefSecNum{Pragma Restrictions}) to facilitate the construction of highly efficient tasking run-time systems.] @end{Intro} @begin{StaticSem} @Leading@;The following @SynI{restriction_}@nt{identifier}s are language defined: @begin{Description} @Defn2{Term=[Restrictions],Sec=(No_Task_Hierarchy)}No_Task_Hierarchy @\All (nonenvironment) tasks depend directly on the environment task of the partition. @ChgRef{Version=[1],Kind=[Revised],Ref=[8652/0042],ARef=[AI95-00130-01]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Revised],ARef=[AI95-00360-01]} @Defn2{Term=[Restrictions],Sec=(No_Nested_Finalization)}No_Nested_Finalization @\Objects @Chg{Version=[2],New=[of a type that needs finalization (see @RefSecNum{User-Defined Assignment and Finalization})],Old=[with controlled@Chg{New=[, protected, or task],Old=[]} parts]} and access types that designate @Chg{Version=[2],New=[a type that needs finalization],Old=[such objects@Chg{New=[,],Old=[]}]} shall be declared only at library level. @begin{Ramification} @ChgRef{Version=[1],Kind=[Deleted],Ref=[8652/0042],ARef=[AI95-00130-01]} @ChgNote{This is no longer true.} @ChgDeleted{Version=[1],Text=[Note that protected types with entries and interrupt-handling protected types have nontrivial finalization actions. However, this restriction does not restrict those things.]} @end{Ramification} @Defn2{Term=[Restrictions],Sec=(No_Abort_Statements)}No_Abort_Statements @\There are no @nt{abort_statement}s, and there are no calls on Task_Identification.Abort_Task. @Defn2{Term=[Restrictions],Sec=(No_Terminate_Alternatives)}No_Terminate_Alternatives @\There are no @nt{selective_accept}s with @nt{terminate_alternative}s. @Defn2{Term=[Restrictions],Sec=(No_Task_Allocators)}No_Task_Allocators @\There are no @nt{allocator}s for task types or types containing task subcomponents. @Defn2{Term=[Restrictions],Sec=(No_Implicit_Heap_Allocations)}No_Implicit_Heap_Allocations @\There are no operations that implicitly require heap storage allocation to be performed by the implementation. The operations that implicitly require heap storage allocation are implementation defined. @ImplDef{Any operations that implicitly require heap storage allocation.} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Revised],ARef=[AI95-00327-01]} No_Dynamic_Priorities @\There are no semantic dependences on the package Dynamic_Priorities@Chg{Version=[2],New=[, and no occurrences of the attribute Priority],Old=[]}. @Defn2{Term=[Restrictions],Sec=(No_Dynamic_Priorities)} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Revised],ARef=[AI95-00305-01],ARef=[AI95-00394-01]} @Chg{Version=[2],New=[@Defn2{Term=[Restrictions],Sec=(No_Dynamic_Attachment)}No_Dynamic_Attachment], Old=[@Defn2{Term=[Restrictions],Sec=(No_Asynchronous_Control)}No_Asynchronous_Control]} @\There @Chg{Version=[2],New=[is no call to any of the operations defined in package Interrupts (Is_Reserved, Is_Attached, Current_Handler, Attach_Handler, Exchange_Handler, Detach_Handler, and Reference).], Old=[are no semantic dependences on the package Asynchronous_Task_Control.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Added],ARef=[AI95-00305-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[@Defn2{Term=[Restrictions],Sec=(No_Local_Protected_Objects)}No_Local_Protected_Objects @\Protected objects shall be declared only at library level.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Added],ARef=[AI95-00297-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[@Defn2{Term=[Restrictions],Sec=(No_Local_Timing_Events)}No_Local_Timing_Events @\Timing_Events shall be declared only at library level.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Added],ARef=[AI95-00305-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[@Defn2{Term=[Restrictions],Sec=(No_Protected_Type_Allocators)}No_Protected_Type_Allocators @\There are no @nt{allocator}s for protected types or types containing protected type subcomponents.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Added],ARef=[AI95-00305-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[@Defn2{Term=[Restrictions],Sec=(No_Relative_Delay)}No_Relative_Delay @\There are no @nt{delay_relative_statement}s.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Added],ARef=[AI95-00305-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[@Defn2{Term=[Restrictions],Sec=(No_Requeue_Statements)}No_Requeue_Statements @\There are no @nt{requeue_statement}s.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Added],ARef=[AI95-00305-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[@Defn2{Term=[Restrictions],Sec=(No_Select_Statements)}No_Select_Statements @\There are no @nt{select_statement}s.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Added],ARef=[AI95-00394-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[@Defn2{Term=[Restrictions],Sec=(No_Specific_Termination_Handlers)}No_Specific_Termination_Handlers @\There are no calls to the Set_Specific_Handler and Specific_Handler subprograms in Task_Termination.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Added],ARef=[AI95-00305-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[@Defn2{Term=[Restrictions],Sec=(Simple_Barriers)}Simple_Barriers @\The Boolean expression in an entry barrier shall be either a static Boolean expression or a Boolean component of the enclosing protected object.]} @end{Description} @Leading@;The following @SynI{restriction_parameter_}@nt{identifier}s are language defined: @begin{Description} @Defn2{Term=[Restrictions],Sec=(Max_Select_Alternatives)}Max_Select_Alternatives @\Specifies the maximum number of alternatives in a @nt{selective_accept}. @Defn2{Term=[Restrictions],Sec=(Max_Task_Entries)}Max_Task_Entries @\Specifies the maximum number of entries per task. The bounds of every entry family of a task unit shall be static, or shall be defined by a discriminant of a subtype whose corresponding bound is static. @Redundant[A value of zero indicates that no rendezvous are possible.] Max_Protected_Entries @\Specifies the maximum number of entries per protected type. The bounds of every entry family of a protected unit shall be static, or shall be defined by a discriminant of a subtype whose corresponding bound is static. @Defn2{Term=[Restrictions],Sec=(Max_Protected_Entries)} @end{Description} @end{StaticSem} @begin{RunTime} @ChgRef{Version=[1],Kind=[Deleted],Ref=[8652/0076],ARef=[AI95-00067-01]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00305-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Type=[Leading],Text=[The following @SynI{restriction_}@nt{identifier} is language defined:]}@Comment{Use ChgAdded so we get conditional Leading.}@Chg{Version=[1],New=[],Old=[If the following restrictions are violated, the behavior is implementation defined. @IndexCheck{Storage_Check} @Defn2{Term=[Storage_Error],Sec=(raised by failure of run-time check)} If an implementation chooses to detect such a violation, Storage_Error should be raised.]} @begin{Description} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Added],ARef=[AI95-00305-01],ARef=[AI95-00394-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[@Defn2{Term=[Restrictions],Sec=(No_Task_Termination)}No_Task_Termination @\All tasks are non-terminating. It is implementation-defined what happens if a task attempts to terminate. If there is a fall-back handler (see C.7.3) set for the partition it should be called when the first task attempts to terminate.]} @ChgImplDef{Version=[2],Kind=[Added],Text=[@ChgAdded{Version=[2], Text=[When restriction No_Task_Termination applies to a partition, what happens when a task terminates.]}]} @end{Description} @Leading@;The following @SynI{restriction_parameter_}@nt{identifier}s are language defined: @begin{Description} @ChgRef{Version=[1],Kind=[Revised],Ref=[8652/0076],ARef=[AI95-00067-01]} @Defn2{Term=[Restrictions],Sec=(Max_Storage_At_Blocking)}Max_Storage_At_Blocking @\Specifies the maximum portion @redundant[(in storage elements)] of a task's Storage_Size that can be retained by a blocked task@Chg{New=[. If an implementation chooses to detect a violation of this restriction, Storage_Error should be raised; @IndexCheck{Storage_Check} @Defn2{Term=[Storage_Error],Sec=(raised by failure of run-time check)} otherwise, the behavior is implementation defined],Old=[]}. @ChgImplDef{Version=[2],Kind=[Added],Text=[@ChgAdded{Version=[2], Text=[The behavior when restriction Max_Storage_At_Blocking is violated.]}]} @ChgRef{Version=[1],Kind=[Revised],Ref=[8652/0076],ARef=[AI95-00067-01]} @Defn2{Term=[Restrictions],Sec=(Max_Asynchronous_Select_Nesting)}Max_Asynchronous_Select_Nesting @\Specifies the maximum dynamic nesting level of @nt{asynchronous_select}s. A value of zero prevents the use of any @nt{asynchronous_@!select}@Chg{New=[ and, if a program contains an @nt{asynchronous_@!select}, it is illegal. @ChgNote{Part of the previous rule is redundant, but it is a different part [all of it for Old; from "prevents" to "and," for New] for each. So we omit it.} If an implementation chooses to detect a violation of this restriction for values other than zero, Storage_Error should be raised; @IndexCheck{Storage_Check} @Defn2{Term=[Storage_Error],Sec=(raised by failure of run-time check)} otherwise, the behavior is implementation defined],Old=[]}. @ChgImplDef{Version=[2],Kind=[Added],Text=[@ChgAdded{Version=[2], Text=[The behavior when restriction Max_Asynchronous_Select_Nesting is violated.]}]} @ChgRef{Version=[1],Kind=[Revised],Ref=[8652/0076],ARef=[AI95-00067-01]} @Defn2{Term=[Restrictions],Sec=(Max_Tasks)}Max_Tasks @\Specifies the maximum number of task creations that may be executed over the lifetime of a partition, not counting the creation of the environment task@Chg{New=[. A value of zero prevents any task creation and, if a program contains a task creation, it is illegal. If an implementation chooses to detect a violation of this restriction, Storage_Error should be raised; @IndexCheck{Storage_Check} @Defn2{Term=[Storage_Error],Sec=(raised by failure of run-time check)} otherwise, the behavior is implementation defined],Old=[]}. @begin{Ramification} Note that this is not a limit on the number of tasks active at a given time; it is a limit on the total number of task creations that occur. @end{Ramification} @begin{ImplNote} We envision an implementation approach that places TCBs or pointers to them in a fixed-size table, and never reuses table elements. @end{ImplNote} @ChgImplDef{Version=[2],Kind=[Added],Text=[@ChgAdded{Version=[2], Text=[The behavior when restriction Max_Tasks is violated.]}]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Added],ARef=[AI95-00305-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[@Defn2{Term=[Restrictions], Sec=(Max_Entry_Queue_Length)}Max_Entry_Queue_Length @\Max_Entry_Queue_Length defines the maximum number of calls that are queued on an entry. Violation of this restriction results in the raising of Program_Error at the point of the call or requeue.@Defn2{Term=[Program_Error],Sec=(raised by failure of run-time check)}]} @end{Description} It is implementation defined whether the use of pragma Restrictions results in a reduction in executable program size, storage requirements, or execution time. If possible, the implementation should provide quantitative descriptions of such effects for each restriction. @ChgImplDef{Version=[2],Kind=[Revised],Text=[@Chg{Version=[2], New=[Whether the use of],Old=[Implementation-defined aspects of]} pragma Restrictions@Chg{Version=[2],New=[ results in a reduction in program code or data size or execution time],Old=[]}.]} @end{RunTime} @begin{ImplAdvice} When feasible, the implementation should take advantage of the specified restrictions to produce a more efficient implementation. @ChgImplAdvice{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],Text=[@ChgAdded{Version=[2], Text=[When feasible, specified restrictions should be used to produce a more efficient implementation.]}]} @end{ImplAdvice} @begin{Notes} The above Storage_Checks can be suppressed with pragma Suppress. @end{Notes} @begin{Incompatible95} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00360-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[@Defn{incompatibilities with Ada 95} @b[Amendment Correction:] The No_Nested_Finalization is now defined in terms of types that need finalization. These types include a variety of language-defined types that @i be implemented with a controlled type. If the restriction No_Nested_Finalization (see @RefSecNum{Tasking Restrictions}) applies to the partition, and one of these language-defined types does not have a controlled part, it will not be allowed in local objects in Ada 2005 whereas it would be allowed in original Ada 95. Such code is not portable, as other Ada compilers may have had a controlled part, and thus would be illegal under the restriction.]} @end{Incompatible95} @begin{Extend95} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00297-01],ARef=[AI95-00305-01],ARef=[AI95-00394-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[@Defn{extensions to Ada 95} Restrictions No_Dynamic_Attachment, No_Local_Protected_Objects, No_Protected_Type_Allocators, No_Local_Timing_Events, No_Relative_Delay, No_Requeue_Statement, No_Select_Statements, No_Specific_Termination_Handlers, No_Task_Termination, Max_Entry_Queue_Length, and Simple_Barriers are newly added to Ada.]} @end{Extend95} @begin{DiffWord95} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],Ref=[8652/0042],ARef=[AI95-00130-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[@b Clarified that No_Nested_Finalization covered task and protected parts as well.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],Ref=[8652/0076],ARef=[AI95-00067-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[@b Changed the description of Max_Tasks and Max_Asynchronous_Select_Nested to eliminate conflicts with the High Integrity Annex (see @RefSecNum{High Integrity Restrictions}).]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00327-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[Added using of the new Priority attribute to the restriction No_Dynamic_Priorities.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00394-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[Restriction No_Asynchronous_Control is now obsolescent.]} @end{DiffWord95} @LabeledClause{Monotonic Time} @begin{Intro} @Redundant[This clause specifies a high-resolution, monotonic clock package.] @end{Intro} @begin{StaticSem} @Leading@;The following language-defined library package exists: @begin{example} @key[package] Ada.Real_Time @key[is]@ChildUnit{Parent=[Ada],Child=[Real_Time]} @key[type] @AdaTypeDefn{Time} @key[is] @key[private]; @AdaObjDefn{Time_First} : @key[constant] Time; @AdaObjDefn{Time_Last} : @key[constant] Time; @AdaObjDefn{Time_Unit} : @key[constant] := @RI{implementation-defined-real-number}; @key[type] @AdaTypeDefn{Time_Span} @key[is] @key[private]; @AdaObjDefn{Time_Span_First} : @key[constant] Time_Span; @AdaObjDefn{Time_Span_Last} : @key[constant] Time_Span; @AdaObjDefn{Time_Span_Zero} : @key[constant] Time_Span; @AdaObjDefn{Time_Span_Unit} : @key[constant] Time_Span; @AdaObjDefn{Tick} : @key[constant] Time_Span; @key[function] @AdaSubDefn{Clock} @key[return] Time; @key[function] "+" (Left : Time; Right : Time_Span) @key[return] Time; @key[function] "+" (Left : Time_Span; Right : Time) @key[return] Time; @key[function] "-" (Left : Time; Right : Time_Span) @key[return] Time; @key[function] "-" (Left : Time; Right : Time) @key[return] Time_Span; @key[function] "<" (Left, Right : Time) @key[return] Boolean; @key[function] "<="(Left, Right : Time) @key[return] Boolean; @key[function] ">" (Left, Right : Time) @key[return] Boolean; @key[function] ">="(Left, Right : Time) @key[return] Boolean; @key[function] "+" (Left, Right : Time_Span) @key[return] Time_Span; @key[function] "-" (Left, Right : Time_Span) @key[return] Time_Span; @key[function] "-" (Right : Time_Span) @key[return] Time_Span; @key[function] "*" (Left : Time_Span; Right : Integer) @key{return} Time_Span; @key[function] "*" (Left : Integer; Right : Time_Span) @key{return} Time_Span; @key[function] "/" (Left, Right : Time_Span) @key[return] Integer; @key[function] "/" (Left : Time_Span; Right : Integer) @key[return] Time_Span; @key[function] "@key[abs]"(Right : Time_Span) @key[return] Time_Span; @ChgRef{Version=[1], Kind=[Deleted]} @Chg[New=<>,Old=<@ @;@comment{Empty paragraph to hang junk paragraph number from original RM}>] @key[function] "<" (Left, Right : Time_Span) @key[return] Boolean; @key[function] "<="(Left, Right : Time_Span) @key[return] Boolean; @key[function] ">" (Left, Right : Time_Span) @key[return] Boolean; @key[function] ">="(Left, Right : Time_Span) @key[return] Boolean; @key[function] @AdaSubDefn{To_Duration} (TS : Time_Span) @key[return] Duration; @key[function] @AdaSubDefn{To_Time_Span} (D : Duration) @key[return] Time_Span; @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Revised],ARef=[AI95-00386-01]} @key[function] @AdaSubDefn{Nanoseconds} (NS : Integer) @key{return} Time_Span; @key[function] @AdaSubDefn{Microseconds} (US : Integer) @key{return} Time_Span; @key[function] @AdaSubDefn{Milliseconds} (MS : Integer) @key{return} Time_Span;@Chg{Version=[2],New=[ @key[function] @AdaSubDefn{Seconds} (S : Integer) @key{return} Time_Span; @key[function] @AdaSubDefn{Minutes} (M : Integer) @key{return} Time_Span;],Old=[]} @key[type] @AdaTypeDefn{Seconds_Count} @key[is] @key[range] @RI{implementation-defined}; @key{procedure} @AdaSubDefn{Split}(T : @key{in} Time; SC : @key{out} Seconds_Count; TS : @key{out} Time_Span); @key{function} @AdaSubDefn{Time_Of}(SC : Seconds_Count; TS : Time_Span) @key{return} Time; @key[private] ... -- @RI{not specified by the language} @key[end] Ada.Real_Time; @end{example} @ChgImplDef{Version=[2],Kind=[Deleted],Text=[@ChgDeleted{Version=[2], Text=[Implementation-defined aspects of package Real_Time.]}]} @Defn{real time} In this Annex, @i{real time} is defined to be the physical time as observed in the external environment. The type Time is a @i{time type} as defined by @RefSecNum{Delay Statements, Duration, and Time}; @Redundant[values of this type may be used in a @nt{delay_until_statement}.] Values of this type represent segments of an ideal time line. The set of values of the type Time corresponds one-to-one with an implementation-defined range of mathematical integers. @begin{Discussion} Informally, real time is defined to be the International Atomic Time (TAI) which is monotonic and nondecreasing. We use it here for the purpose of discussing rate of change and monotonic behavior only. It does not imply anything about the absolute value of Real_Time.Clock, or about Real_Time.Time being synchronized with TAI. It is also used for real time in the metrics, for comparison purposes. @end{Discussion} @begin{ImplNote} The specification of TAI as @lquotes@;real time@rquotes@; does not preclude the use of a simulated TAI clock for simulated execution environments. @end{ImplNote} @Defn{epoch} @PDefn{unspecified} The Time value I represents the half-open real time interval that starts with E+I*Time_Unit and is limited by E+(I+1)*Time_Unit, where Time_Unit is an implementation-defined real number and E is an unspecified origin point, the @i{epoch}, that is the same for all values of the type Time. It is not specified by the language whether the time values are synchronized with any standard time reference. @Redundant[For example, E can correspond to the time of system initialization or it can correspond to the epoch of some time standard.] @begin{Discussion} E itself does not have to be a proper time value. This half-open interval I consists of all real numbers R such that E+I*Time_Unit <= R < E+(I+1)*Time_Unit. @end{Discussion} Values of the type Time_Span represent length of real time duration. The set of values of this type corresponds one-to-one with an implementation-defined range of mathematical integers. The Time_Span value corresponding to the integer I represents the real-time duration I*Time_Unit. @begin{Reason} The purpose of this type is similar to Standard.Duration; the idea is to have a type with a higher resolution. @end{Reason} @begin{Discussion} We looked at many possible names for this type: Real_Time.Duration, Fine_Duration, Interval, Time_Interval_Length, Time_Measure, and more. Each of these names had some problems, and we've finally settled for Time_Span. @end{Discussion} Time_First and Time_Last are the smallest and largest values of the Time type, respectively. Similarly, Time_Span_First and Time_Span_Last are the smallest and largest values of the Time_Span type, respectively. A value of type Seconds_Count represents an elapsed time, measured in seconds, since the epoch. @end{StaticSem} @begin{RunTime} Time_Unit is the smallest amount of real time representable by the Time type; it is expressed in seconds. Time_Span_Unit is the difference between two successive values of the Time type. It is also the smallest positive value of type Time_Span. Time_Unit and Time_Span_Unit represent the same real time duration. @Defn{clock tick} A @i{clock tick} is a real time interval during which the clock value (as observed by calling the Clock function) remains constant. Tick is the average length of such intervals. @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Revised],ARef=[AI95-00432-01]} The function To_Duration converts the value TS to a value of type Duration. Similarly, the function To_Time_Span converts the value D to a value of type Time_Span. For @Chg{Version=[2],New=[To_Duration], Old=[both operations]}, the result is rounded to the nearest @Chg{Version=[2],New=[value of type Duration], Old=[exactly representable value]} (away from zero if exactly halfway between two @Chg{Version=[2],New=[], Old=[exactly representable ]}values).@Chg{Version=[2],New=[ If the result is outside the range of Duration, Constraint_Error is raised. For To_Time_Span, the value of D is first rounded to the nearest integral multiple of Time_Unit, away from zero if exactly halfway between two multiples. If the rounded value is outside the range of Time_Span, Constraint_Error is raised. Otherwise, the value is converted to the type Time_Span.],Old=[]} To_Duration(Time_Span_Zero) returns 0.0, and To_Time_Span(0.0) returns Time_Span_Zero. @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Revised],ARef=[AI95-00386-01],ARef=[AI95-00432-01]} The functions Nanoseconds, Microseconds, @Chg{Version=[2],New=[], Old=[and ]}Milliseconds@Chg{Version=[2],New=[, Seconds, and Minutes],Old=[]} convert the input parameter to a value of the type Time_Span. NS, US,@Chg{Version=[2],New=[],Old=[ and]} MS@Chg{Version=[2],New=[, S, and M],Old=[]} are interpreted as a number of nanoseconds, microseconds,@Chg{Version=[2],New=[],Old=[ and]} milliseconds@Chg{Version=[2],New=[, seconds, and minutes],Old=[]} respectively.@Chg{Version=[2],New=[ The input parameter is first converted to seconds and rounded to the nearest integral multiple of Time_Unit, ], Old=[The result is rounded to the nearest exactly representable value (]}away from zero if exactly halfway between two @Chg{Version=[2],New=[multiples. If the rounded value is outside the range of Time_Span, Constraint_Error is raised. Otherwise, the rounded value is converted to the type Time_Span], Old=[exactly representable values)]}. @begin{Discussion} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Deleted],ARef=[AI95-00432-01]} @ChgDeleted{Version=[2],Text=[The above does not imply that the Time_Span type will have to accommodate Integer'Last of milliseconds; Constraint_Error is allowed to be raised.]} @end{Discussion} The effects of the operators on Time and Time_Span are as for the operators defined for integer types. @begin{ImplNote} Though time values are modeled by integers, the types Time and Time_Span need not be implemented as integers. @end{ImplNote} The function Clock returns the amount of time since the epoch. The effects of the Split and Time_Of operations are defined as follows, treating values of type Time, Time_Span, and Seconds_Count as mathematical integers. The effect of Split(T,SC,TS) is to set SC and TS to values such that T*Time_Unit = SC*1.0 + TS*Time_Unit, and 0.0 <= TS*Time_Unit < 1.0. The value returned by Time_Of(SC,TS) is the value T such that T*Time_Unit = SC*1.0 + TS*Time_Unit. @end{RunTime} @begin{ImplReq} The range of Time values shall be sufficient to uniquely represent the range of real times from program start-up to 50 years later. Tick shall be no greater than 1 millisecond. Time_Unit shall be less than or equal to 20 microseconds. @begin{ImplNote} The required range and accuracy of Time are such that 32-bits worth of seconds and 32-bits worth of ticks in a second could be used as the representation. @end{ImplNote} Time_Span_First shall be no greater than @en@;3600 seconds, and Time_Span_Last shall be no less than 3600 seconds. @begin{Reason} This is equivalent to @PorM one hour and there is still room for a two-microsecond resolution. @end{Reason} @Defn{clock jump} A @i{clock jump} is the difference between two successive distinct values of the clock (as observed by calling the Clock function). There shall be no backward clock jumps. @end{ImplReq} @begin{DocReq} The implementation shall document the values of Time_First, Time_Last, Time_Span_@!First, Time_Span_@!Last, Time_Span_@!Unit, and Tick. @ChgDocReq{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],Text=[@ChgAdded{Version=[2], Text=[The values of Time_First, Time_Last, Time_Span_@!First, Time_Span_@!Last, Time_Span_@!Unit, and Tick for package Real_Time.]}]} The implementation shall document the properties of the underlying time base used for the clock and for type Time, such as the range of values supported and any relevant aspects of the underlying hardware or operating system facilities used. @ChgDocReq{Version=[2],Kind=[Added],Text=[@ChgAdded{Version=[2], Text=[The properties of the underlying time base used in package Real_Time.]}]} @begin{Discussion} If there is an underlying operating system, this might include information about which system call is used to implement the clock. Otherwise, it might include information about which hardware clock is used. @end{Discussion} The implementation shall document whether or not there is any synchronization with external time references, and if such synchronization exists, the sources of synchronization information, the frequency of synchronization, and the synchronization method applied. @ChgDocReq{Version=[2],Kind=[Added],Text=[@ChgAdded{Version=[2], Text=[Any synchronization of package Real_Time with external time references.]}]} @ChgRef{Version=[1],Kind=[Revised]} The implementation shall document any aspects of the @Chg{New=[], Old=[the]} @chgnote{Correct typo as noted at Potsdam ARG meeting} external environment that could interfere with the clock behavior as defined in this clause. @ChgDocReq{Version=[2],Kind=[Added],Text=[@ChgAdded{Version=[2], Text=[Any aspects of the external environment that could interfere with package Real_Time.]}]} @begin{Discussion} For example, the implementation is allowed to rely on the time services of an underlying operating system, and this operating system clock can implement time zones or allow the clock to be reset by an operator. This dependence has to be documented. @end{Discussion} @end{DocReq} @begin{Metrics} For the purpose of the metrics defined in this clause, real time is defined to be the International Atomic Time (TAI). @Leading@;The implementation shall document the following metrics: @begin{Itemize} An upper bound on the real-time duration of a clock tick. This is a value D such that if t1 and t2 are any real times such that t1 < t2 and Clock@-{t1} = Clock@-{t2} then t2 @en@; t1 <= D. An upper bound on the size of a clock jump. @Defn{drift rate} An upper bound on the @i{drift rate} of Clock with respect to real time. This is a real number D such that @begin{display} E*(1@en@;D) <= (Clock@-{t+E} @en@; Clock@-{t}) <= E*(1+D) provided that: Clock@-{t} + E*(1+D) <= Time_Last. @end{display} where Clock@-{t} is the value of Clock at time t, and E is a real time duration not less than 24 hours. The value of E used for this metric shall be reported. @begin{Reason} This metric is intended to provide a measurement of the long term (cumulative) deviation; therefore, 24 hours is the lower bound on the measurement period. On some implementations, this is also the maximum period, since the language does not require that the range of the type Duration be more than 24 hours. On those implementations that support longer-range Duration, longer measurements should be performed. @end{Reason} An upper bound on the execution time of a call to the Clock function, in processor clock cycles. Upper bounds on the execution times of the operators of the types Time and Time_Span, in processor clock cycles. @begin{ImplNote} A fast implementation of the Clock function involves repeated reading until you get the same value twice. It is highly improbable that more than three reads will be necessary. Arithmetic on time values should not be significantly slower than 64-bit arithmetic in the underlying machine instruction set. @end{ImplNote} @end{Itemize} @ChgDocReq{Version=[2],Kind=[Added],Text=[@ChgAdded{Version=[2], Text=[The metrics for package Real_Time.]}]} @end{Metrics} @begin{ImplPerm} Implementations targeted to machines with word size smaller than 32 bits need not support the full range and granularity of the Time and Time_Span types. @begin{Discussion} These requirements are based on machines with a word size of 32 bits. Since the range and granularity are implementation defined, the supported values need to be documented. @end{Discussion} @end{ImplPerm} @begin{ImplAdvice} When appropriate, implementations should provide configuration mechanisms to change the value of Tick. @ChgImplAdvice{Version=[2],Kind=[Added],Text=[@ChgAdded{Version=[2], Text=[When appropriate, mechanisms to change the value of Tick should be provided.]}]} @begin{Reason} This is often needed when the compilation system was originally targeted to a particular processor with a particular interval timer, but the customer uses the same processor with a different interval timer. @end{Reason} @begin{Discussion} Tick is a deferred constant and not a named number specifically for this purpose. @end{Discussion} @begin{ImplNote} This can be achieved either by pre-run-time configuration tools, or by having Tick be initialized (in the package private part) by a function call residing in a board specific module. @end{ImplNote} It is recommended that Calendar.Clock and Real_Time.Clock be implemented as transformations of the same time base. @ChgImplAdvice{Version=[2],Kind=[Added],Text=[@ChgAdded{Version=[2], Text=[Calendar.Clock and Real_Time.Clock should be transformations of the same time base.]}]} It is recommended that the @lquotes@;best@rquotes@; time base which exists in the underlying system be available to the application through Clock. @lquotes@;Best@rquotes@; may mean highest accuracy or largest range. @ChgImplAdvice{Version=[2],Kind=[Added],Text=[@ChgAdded{Version=[2], Text=[The @lquotes@;best@rquotes@; time base which exists in the underlying system should be available to the application through Real_Time.Clock.]}]} @end{ImplAdvice} @begin{Notes} The rules in this clause do not imply that the implementation can protect the user from operator or installation errors which could result in the clock being set incorrectly. Time_Unit is the granularity of the Time type. In contrast, Tick represents the granularity of Real_Time.Clock. There is no requirement that these be the same. @end{Notes} @begin{Incompatible95} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00386-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[@Defn{incompatibilities with Ada 95} Functions Seconds and Minutes are newly added to Real_Time. If Real_Time is referenced in a @nt{use_clause}, and an entity @i with a @nt{defining_identifier} of Seconds or Minutes is defined in a package that is also referenced in a @nt{use_clause}, the entity @i may no longer be use-visible, resulting in errors. This should be rare and is easily fixed if it does occur.]} @end{Incompatible95} @begin{DiffWord95} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00432-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[Added wording explaining how and when many of these functions can raise Constraint_Error. While there always was an intent to raise Constraint_Error if the values did not fit, there never was any wording to that effect, and since Time_Span was a private type, the normal numeric type rules do not apply to it.]} @end{DiffWord95} @LabeledClause{Delay Accuracy} @begin{Intro} @Redundant[This clause specifies performance requirements for the @nt{delay_statement}. The rules apply both to @nt{delay_@!relative_@!statement} and to @nt{delay_@!until_@!statement}. Similarly, they apply equally to a simple @nt{delay_@!statement} and to one which appears in a @nt{delay_@!alternative}.] @end{Intro} @begin{RunTime} @Leading@;The effect of the @nt{delay_statement} for Real_Time.Time is defined in terms of Real_Time.Clock: @begin{itemize} If C@-{1} is a value of Clock read before a task executes a @nt{delay_relative_statement} with duration D, and C@-{2} is a value of Clock read after the task resumes execution following that @nt{delay_statement}, then C@-{2} @en@; C@-{1} >= D. If C is a value of Clock read after a task resumes execution following a @nt{delay_until_statement} with Real_Time.Time value T, then C >= T. @end{itemize} @PDefn2{Term=[potentially blocking operation],Sec=(delay_statement)} @PDefn2{Term=[blocking, potentially],Sec=(delay_statement)} A simple @nt{delay_statement} with a negative or zero value for the expiration time does not cause the calling task to be blocked; it is nevertheless a potentially blocking operation (see @RefSecNum{Protected Subprograms and Protected Actions}). @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Revised]} When a @nt{delay_statement} appears in a @nt{delay_alternative} of a @nt{timed_entry_call} the selection of the entry call is attempted, regardless of the specified expiration time. When a @nt{delay_statement} appears in a @Chg{Version=[2],New=[@nt{select_alternative}],Old=[@ntf{selective_accept_alternative}]}, and a call is queued on one of the open entries, the selection of that entry call proceeds, regardless of the value of the delay expression. @begin{Ramification} The effect of these requirements is that one has to always attempt a rendezvous, regardless of the value of the delay expression. This can be tested by issuing a @nt{timed_entry_call} with an expiration time of zero, to an open entry. @end{Ramification} @end{RunTime} @begin{DocReq} The implementation shall document the minimum value of the delay expression of a @nt{delay_relative_statement} that causes the task to actually be blocked. @ChgDocReq{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],Text=[@ChgAdded{Version=[2], Text=[The minimum value of the delay expression of a @nt{delay_relative_statement} that causes a task to actually be blocked.]}]} The implementation shall document the minimum difference between the value of the delay expression of a @nt{delay_until_statement} and the value of Real_Time.Clock, that causes the task to actually be blocked. @ChgImplDef{Version=[2],Kind=[Deleted],Text=[@ChgDeleted{Version=[2], Text=[Implementation-defined aspects of @nt{delay_statement}s.]}]} @ChgDocReq{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],Text=[@ChgAdded{Version=[2], Text=[The minimum difference between the value of the delay expression of a @nt{delay_until_statement} and the value of Real_Time.Clock, that causes the task to actually be blocked.]}]} @end{DocReq} @begin{Metrics} @Leading@;The implementation shall document the following metrics: @begin{Itemize} An upper bound on the execution time, in processor clock cycles, of a @nt{delay_relative_statement} whose requested value of the delay expression is less than or equal to zero. An upper bound on the execution time, in processor clock cycles, of a @nt{delay_until_statement} whose requested value of the delay expression is less than or equal to the value of Real_Time.Clock at the time of executing the statement. Similarly, for Calendar.Clock. @Defn{lateness} @Defn{actual duration} An upper bound on the @i{lateness} of a @nt{delay_relative_statement}, for a positive value of the delay expression, in a situation where the task has sufficient priority to preempt the processor as soon as it becomes ready, and does not need to wait for any other execution resources. The upper bound is expressed as a function of the value of the delay expression. The lateness is obtained by subtracting the value of the delay expression from the @i{actual duration}. The actual duration is measured from a point immediately before a task executes the @nt{delay_statement} to a point immediately after the task resumes execution following this statement. An upper bound on the lateness of a @nt{delay_until_statement}, in a situation where the value of the requested expiration time is after the time the task begins executing the statement, the task has sufficient priority to preempt the processor as soon as it becomes ready, and it does not need to wait for any other execution resources. The upper bound is expressed as a function of the difference between the requested expiration time and the clock value at the time the statement begins execution. The lateness of a @nt{delay_until_statement} is obtained by subtracting the requested expiration time from the real time that the task resumes execution following this statement. @end{Itemize} @ChgDocReq{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],Text=[@ChgAdded{Version=[2], Text=[The metrics for delay statements.]}]} @end{Metrics} @begin{Notes} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Deleted],ARef=[AI95-00355-01]} @ChgDeleted{Version=[2],Text=[The execution time of a @nt{delay_statement} that does not cause the task to be blocked (e.g. @lquotes@;@key[delay] 0.0;@rquotes@; ) is of interest in situations where delays are used to achieve voluntary round-robin task dispatching among equal-priority tasks.]} @end{Notes} @begin{DiffWord83} The rules regarding a @nt{timed_entry_call} with a very small positive Duration value, have been tightened to always require the check whether the rendezvous is immediately possible. @end{DiffWord83} @begin{DiffWord95} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00355-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[The note about @lquotes@;voluntary round-robin@rquote, while still true, has been deleted as potentially confusing as it is describing a different kind of round-robin than is defined by the round-robin dispatching policy.]} @end{DiffWord95} @LabeledClause{Synchronous Task Control} @begin{Intro} @Redundant[This clause describes a language-defined private semaphore (suspension object), which can be used for @i{two-stage suspend} operations and as a simple building block for implementing higher-level queues.] @end{Intro} @begin{StaticSem} @Leading@;The following language-defined package exists: @begin{example} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Revised],ARef=[AI95-00362-01]} @key{package} Ada.Synchronous_Task_Control @key{is}@ChildUnit{Parent=[Ada],Child=[Synchronous_Task_Control]}@Chg{Version=[2],New=[ @key[pragma] Preelaborate(Synchronous_Task_Control);],Old=[]} @key{type} @AdaTypeDefn{Suspension_Object} @key{is} @key{limited} @key{private}; @key{procedure} @AdaSubDefn{Set_True}(S : @key{in} @key{out} Suspension_Object); @key{procedure} @AdaSubDefn{Set_False}(S : @key{in} @key{out} Suspension_Object); @key{function} @AdaSubDefn{Current_State}(S : Suspension_Object) @key{return} Boolean; @key{procedure} @AdaSubDefn{Suspend_Until_True}(S : @key{in} @key{out} Suspension_Object); @key{private} ... -- @RI{not specified by the language} @key{end} Ada.Synchronous_Task_Control; @end{example} The type Suspension_Object is a by-reference type.@begin{ImplNote} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Revised],ARef=[AI95-00318-02]}@ChgNote{This is a real term now, let's get it right} The implementation can ensure this by, for example, making the full view @Chg{Version=[2],New=[an explicitly],Old=[a]} limited record type.@end{implnote} @end{StaticSem} @begin{RunTime} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Revised],ARef=[AI95-00114-01]} An object of the type Suspension_Object has two visible states: @Chg{Version=[2],New=[True],Old=[true]} and @Chg{Version=[2],New=[False],Old=[false]}. Upon initialization, its value is set to @Chg{Version=[2],New=[False],Old=[false]}. @begin{Discussion} This object is assumed to be private to the declaring task, i.e. only that task will call Suspend_Until_True on this object, and the count of callers is at most one. Other tasks can, of course, change and query the state of this object. @end{Discussion} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Revised],ARef=[AI95-00114-01]} The operations Set_True and Set_False are atomic with respect to each other and with respect to Suspend_Until_True; they set the state to @Chg{Version=[2],New=[True],Old=[true]} and @Chg{Version=[2],New=[False],Old=[false]} respectively. Current_State returns the current state of the object. @begin{Discussion} This state can change immediately after the operation returns. @end{Discussion} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Revised],ARef=[AI95-00114-01]} The procedure Suspend_Until_True blocks the calling task until the state of the object S is @Chg{Version=[2],New=[True],Old=[true]}; at that point the task becomes ready and the state of the object becomes @Chg{Version=[2],New=[False],Old=[false]}. @PDefn2{Term=[potentially blocking operation],Sec=(Suspend_Until_True)} @PDefn2{Term=[blocking, potentially],Sec=(Suspend_Until_True)} @Defn2{Term=[Program_Error],Sec=(raised by failure of run-time check)} Program_Error is raised upon calling Suspend_Until_True if another task is already waiting on that suspension object. Suspend_Until_True is a potentially blocking operation (see @RefSecNum{Protected Subprograms and Protected Actions}). @end{RunTime} @begin{ImplReq} The implementation is required to allow the calling of Set_False and Set_True during any protected action, even one that has its ceiling priority in the Interrupt_Priority range. @end{ImplReq} @begin{Extend95} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00362-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[@Defn{extensions to Ada 95} Synchronous_Task_Control is now Preelaborated, so it can be used in preelaborated units.]} @end{Extend95} @LabeledClause{Asynchronous Task Control} @begin{Intro} @Redundant[This clause introduces a language-defined package to do asynchronous suspend/resume on tasks. It uses a conceptual @i{held priority} value to represent the task's @i{held} state.] @end{Intro} @begin{StaticSem} @Leading@;The following language-defined library package exists: @begin{example} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Revised],ARef=[AI95-00362-01]} @key{with} Ada.Task_Identification; @key{package} Ada.Asynchronous_Task_Control @key{is}@ChildUnit{parent=[Ada],Child=[Asynchronous_Task_Control]}@Chg{Version=[2],New=[ @key[pragma] Preelaborate(Asynchronous_Task_Control);],Old=[]} @key{procedure} @AdaSubDefn{Hold}(T : @key[in] Ada.Task_Identification.Task_Id); @key{procedure} @AdaSubDefn{Continue}(T : @key[in] Ada.Task_Identification.Task_Id); @key{function} @AdaSubDefn{Is_Held}(T : Ada.Task_Identification.Task_Id) @key{return} Boolean; @key{end} Ada.Asynchronous_Task_Control; @end{example} @end{StaticSem} @begin{RunTime} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Revised],ARef=[AI95-00357-01]} @PDefn2{Term=[task state], Sec=(held)} @Defn{held priority} @Defn{idle task} After the Hold operation has been applied to a task, the task becomes @i{held}. For each processor there is a conceptual @i{idle task}, which is always ready. The base priority of the idle task is below System.@!Any_@!Priority'First. The @i{held priority} is a constant of the type @Chg{Version=[2],New=[Integer],Old=[integer]} whose value is below the base priority of the idle task. @begin{Discussion} The held state should not be confused with the blocked state as defined in @RefSecNum{Task Execution - Task Activation}; the task is still ready. @end{Discussion} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Added],ARef=[AI95-00357-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[For any priority below System.Any_Priority'First, the task dispatching policy is FIFO_Within_Priorities.]} @begin{Honest} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[This applies even if a Task_Dispatching_Policy specifies the policy for all of the priorities of the partition.]} @end{Honest} @begin{Ramification} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[A task at the held priority never runs, so it is not necessary to implement FIFO_Within_Priorities for systems that have only one policy (such as EDF_Across_Priorities).]} @end{Ramification} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Revised],ARef=[AI95-00357-01]} The Hold operation sets the state of T to held. For a held task@Chg{Version=[2],New=[, the active priority is reevaluated as if the base priority of the task were the held priority],Old=[: the task's own base priority does not constitute an inheritance source (see @RefSecNum{Task Priorities}), and the value of the held priority is defined to be such a source instead]}. @begin{Ramification} For example, if T is currently inheriting priorities from other sources (e.g. it is executing in a protected action), its active priority does not change, and it continues to execute until it leaves the protected action. @end{Ramification} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[Revised],ARef=[AI95-00357-01]} The Continue operation resets the state of T to not-held; @Chg{Version=[2],New=[its],Old=[T's]} active priority is then reevaluated as @Chg{Version=[2],New=[determined by the task dispatching policy associated with its base priority.],Old=[described in @RefSecNum{Task Priorities}. @Redundant[This time, T's base priority is taken into account.]]} The Is_Held function returns True if and only if T is in the held state. @begin{Discussion} Note that the state of T can be changed immediately after Is_Held returns. @end{Discussion} As part of these operations, a check is made that the task identified by T is not terminated. @Defn2{Term=[Tasking_Error],Sec=(raised by failure of run-time check)} Tasking_Error is raised if the check fails. @Defn2{Term=[Program_Error],Sec=(raised by failure of run-time check)} Program_Error is raised if the value of T is Null_Task_Id. @end{RunTime} @begin{Erron} @PDefn2{Term=(erroneous execution),Sec=(cause)} If any operation in this package is called with a parameter T that specifies a task object that no longer exists, the execution of the program is erroneous. @end{Erron} @begin{ImplPerm} An implementation need not support Asynchronous_Task_Control if it is infeasible to support it in the target environment. @begin{Reason} A direct implementation of the Asynchronous_Task_Control semantics using priorities is not necessarily efficient enough. Thus, we envision implementations that use some other mechanism to set the @lquotes@;held@rquotes@; state. If there is no other such mechanism, support for Asynchronous_Task_Control might be infeasible, because an implementation in terms of priority would require one idle task per processor. On some systems, programs are not supposed to know how many processors are available, so creating enough idle tasks would be problematic. @end{Reason} @end{ImplPerm} @begin{Notes} It is a consequence of the priority rules that held tasks cannot be dispatched on any processor in a partition (unless they are inheriting priorities) since their priorities are defined to be below the priority of any idle task. The effect of calling Get_Priority and Set_Priority on a Held task is the same as on any other task. Calling Hold on a held task or Continue on a non-held task has no effect. @Leading@;The rules affecting queuing are derived from the above rules, in addition to the normal priority rules: @begin{itemize} When a held task is on the ready queue, its priority is so low as to never reach the top of the queue as long as there are other tasks on that queue. If a task is executing in a protected action, inside a rendezvous, or is inheriting priorities from other sources (e.g. when activated), it continues to execute until it is no longer executing the corresponding construct. If a task becomes held while waiting (as a caller) for a rendezvous to complete, the active priority of the accepting task is not affected. @ChgRef{Version=[1],Kind=[Revised],Ref=[8652/0077],ARef=[AI95-00111-01]} If a task becomes held while waiting in a @nt{selective_accept}, and a@Chg{New=[n],Old=[]} entry call is issued to one of the open entries, the corresponding @Chg{New=[@nt{accept_@!alternative}],Old=[accept body]} executes. When the rendezvous completes, the active priority of the accepting task is lowered to the held priority (unless it is still inheriting from other sources), and the task does not execute until another Continue. The same holds if the held task is the only task on a protected entry queue whose barrier becomes open. The corresponding entry body executes. @end{itemize} @end{Notes} @begin{Extend95} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00362-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[@Defn{extensions to Ada 95} Asynchronous_Task_Control is now Preelaborated, so it can be used in preelaborated units.]} @end{Extend95} @begin{DiffWord95} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],Ref=[8652/0077],ARef=[AI95-00111-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[@b Corrected to eliminate the use of the undefined term @lquotes@;accept body@rquotes@;.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00357-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[The description of held tasks was changed to reflect that the calculation of active priorities depends on the dispatching policy of the base priority. Thus, the policy of the held priority was specified in order to avoid surprises (especially when using the EDF policy).]} @end{DiffWord95} @LabeledClause{Other Optimizations and Determinism Rules} @begin{Intro} @Redundant[This clause describes various requirements for improving the response and determinism in a real-time system.] @end{Intro} @begin{ImplReq} If the implementation blocks interrupts (see @RefSecNum{Interrupt Support}) not as a result of direct user action (e.g. an execution of a protected action) there shall be an upper bound on the duration of this blocking. @begin{Ramification} The implementation shall not allow itself to be interrupted when it is in a state where it is unable to support all the language-defined operations permitted in the execution of interrupt handlers. (see @RefSecNum{Protected Subprograms and Protected Actions}). @end{Ramification} The implementation shall recognize entry-less protected types. The overhead of acquiring the execution resource of an object of such a type (see @RefSecNum{Protected Subprograms and Protected Actions}) shall be minimized. In particular, there should not be any overhead due to evaluating @nt{entry_barrier} @nt{condition}s. @begin{ImplNote} Ideally the overhead should just be a spin-lock. @end{ImplNote} Unchecked_Deallocation shall be supported for terminated tasks that are designated by access types, and shall have the effect of releasing all the storage associated with the task. This includes any run-time system or heap storage that has been implicitly allocated for the task by the implementation. @end{ImplReq} @begin{DocReq} The implementation shall document the upper bound on the duration of interrupt blocking caused by the implementation. If this is different for different interrupts or interrupt priority levels, it should be documented for each case. @ChgImplDef{Version=[2],Kind=[Deleted],Text=[@ChgDeleted{Version=[2], Text=[The upper bound on the duration of interrupt blocking caused by the implementation.]}]} @ChgDocReq{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],Text=[@ChgAdded{Version=[2], Text=[The upper bound on the duration of interrupt blocking caused by the implementation.]}]} @end{DocReq} @begin{Metrics} @Leading@;The implementation shall document the following metric: @begin{Itemize} The overhead associated with obtaining a mutual-exclusive access to an entry-less protected object. This shall be measured in the following way: @NoPrefix@Leading@;For a protected object of the form: @begin{example} @key{protected} Lock @key{is} @key{procedure} Set; @Key{function} Read @Key{return} Boolean; @key{private} Flag : Boolean := False; @key{end} Lock; @key{protected body} Lock @key{is} @key{procedure} Set @key{is} @key{begin} Flag := True; @key{end} Set; @Key{function} Read @Key{return} Boolean @key{Begin} @key{return} Flag; @key{end} Read; @key{end} Lock; @end{example} @NoPrefix@;The execution time, in processor clock cycles, of a call to Set. This shall be measured between the point just before issuing the call, and the point just after the call completes. The function Read shall be called later to verify that Set was indeed called (and not optimized away). The calling task shall have sufficiently high priority as to not be preempted during the measurement period. The protected object shall have sufficiently high ceiling priority to allow the task to call Set. @NoPrefix@;For a multiprocessor, if supported, the metric shall be reported for the case where no contention (on the execution resource) exists @Redundant[from tasks executing on other processors]. @end{Itemize} @ChgDocReq{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],Text=[@ChgAdded{Version=[2], Text=[The metrics for entry-less protected objects.]}]} @end{Metrics} @LabeledAddedClause{Version=[2],Name=[Run-time Profiles]} @begin{Intro} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00249-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[@Redundant[This clause specifies a mechanism for defining run-time profiles.]]} @end{Intro} @begin{Syntax} @begin{SyntaxText} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00249-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Type=[Leading],Keepnext=[T],Text=[The form of a @nt{pragma} Profile is as follows:]} @end{SyntaxText} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=`@AddedPragmaSyn`Version=[2],@key{pragma} @prag (@SynI{profile_}@Syn2{identifier} {, @SynI{profile_}@Syn2{pragma_argument_association}});''} @end{Syntax} @begin{Legality} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00249-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[The @SynI{profile_}@nt{identifier} shall be the name of a run-time profile. The semantics of any @SynI{profile_}@nt{pragma_@!argument_@!association}s are defined by the run-time profile specified by the @SynI{profile_}@nt{identifier}.]} @end{Legality} @begin{StaticSem} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00249-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[ A profile is equivalent to the set of configuration pragmas that is defined for each run-time profile.]} @end{StaticSem} @begin{Linktime} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00249-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[@PDefn2{Term=[configuration pragma], Sec=(Profile)} @PDefn2{Term=[pragma, configuration], Sec=(Profile)} A @nt{pragma} Profile is a configuration pragma. There may be more than one @nt{pragma} Profile for a partition.]} @end{Linktime} @begin{Extend95} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00249-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[@Defn{extensions to Ada 95} @nt{Pragma} Profile is new.]} @end{Extend95} @LabeledAddedSubClause{Version=[2],Name=[The Ravenscar Profile]} @begin{Intro} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00249-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[@Redundant[This clause defines the Ravenscar profile.]@Defn{Ravenscar}]} @end{Intro} @begin{Legality} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00249-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[The @SynI{profile_}@nt{identifier} Ravenscar is a run-time profile. For run-time profile Ravenscar, there shall be no @Syni{profile_}@nt{pragma_argument_association}s.]} @end{Legality} @begin{StaticSem} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00249-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Type=[Leading],Text=[The run-time profile Ravenscar is equivalent to the following set of pragmas:]} @begin{Example} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00249-01],ARef=[AI95-00297-01],ARef=[AI95-00394-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[ @key{pragma} Task_Dispatching_Policy (FIFO_Within_Priorities); @key{pragma} Locking_Policy (Ceiling_Locking); @key{pragma} Detect_Blocking; @key{pragma} Restrictions ( No_Abort_Statements, No_Dynamic_Attachment, No_Dynamic_Priorities, No_Implicit_Heap_Allocations, No_Local_Protected_Objects, No_Local_Timing_Events, No_Protected_Type_Allocators, No_Relative_Delay, No_Requeue_Statements, No_Select_Statements, No_Specific_Termination_Handlers, No_Task_Allocators, No_Task_Hierarchy, No_Task_Termination, Simple_Barriers, Max_Entry_Queue_Length => 1, Max_Protected_Entries => 1, Max_Task_Entries => 0, No_Dependence => Ada.Asynchronous_Task_Control, No_Dependence => Ada.Calendar, No_Dependence => Ada.Execution_Time.Group_Budget, No_Dependence => Ada.Execution_Time.Timers, No_Dependence => Ada.Task_Attributes);]} @end{Example} @begin{Discussion} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[The Ravenscar profile is named for the location of the meeting that defined its initial version. The name is now in widespread use, so we stick with existing practice, rather than using a more descriptive name.@Comment{ This is another example of Ada's lousy marketing sense; casual readers, especially those outside of Ada, have no conception of what @lquotes@;Ravenscar@rquotes@; is, and thus are much less likely to investigate it to find out how it can help them.}]} @end{Discussion} @end{StaticSem} @begin{Notes} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00249-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[ The effect of the Max_Entry_Queue_Length => 1 restriction applies only to protected entry queues due to the accompanying restriction of Max_Task_Entries => 0.]} @end{Notes} @begin{Extend95} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00296-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[@Defn{extensions to Ada 95} The Ravenscar profile is new.]} @end{Extend95} @LabeledAddedClause{Version=[2],Name=[Execution Time]} @begin{Intro} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00307-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[This clause describes a language-defined package to measure execution time.]} @end{Intro} @begin{StaticSem} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00307-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],KeepNext=[T],Type=[Leading],Text=[The following language-defined library package exists:]} @begin{Example} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[@key{with} Ada.Task_Identification; @key{with} Ada.Real_Time; @key{use} Ada.Real_Time; @key{package} Ada.Execution_Time @key{is}@ChildUnit{Parent=[Ada],Child=[Execution_Time]}]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[ @key{type} @AdaTypeDefn{CPU_Time} @key{is private}; @AdaObjDefn{CPU_Time_First} : @key{constant} CPU_Time; @AdaObjDefn{CPU_Time_Last} : @key{constant} CPU_Time; @AdaObjDefn{CPU_Time_Unit} : @key{constant} := @RI{implementation-defined-real-number}; @AdaObjDefn{CPU_Tick} : @key{constant} Time_Span;]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[ @key{function} @AdaSubDefn{Clock} (T : Ada.Task_Identification.Task_Id := Ada.Task_Identification.Current_Task) @key{return} CPU_Time;]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[ @key{function} "+" (Left : CPU_Time; Right : Time_Span) @key{return} CPU_Time; @key{function} "+" (Left : Time_Span; Right : CPU_Time) @key{return} CPU_Time; @key{function} "-" (Left : CPU_Time; Right : Time_Span) @key{return} CPU_Time; @key{function} "-" (Left : CPU_Time; Right : CPU_Time) @key{return} Time_Span;]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[ @key{function} "<" (Left, Right : CPU_Time) @key{return} Boolean; @key{function} "<=" (Left, Right : CPU_Time) @key{return} Boolean; @key{function} ">" (Left, Right : CPU_Time) @key{return} Boolean; @key{function} ">=" (Left, Right : CPU_Time) @key{return} Boolean;]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[ @key{procedure} @AdaSubDefn{Split} (T : @key{in} CPU_Time; SC : @key{out} Seconds_Count; TS : @key{out} Time_Span);]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[ @key{function} @AdaSubDefn{Time_Of} (SC : Seconds_Count; TS : Time_Span := Time_Span_Zero) @key{return} CPU_Time;]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[@key{private} ... -- @RI[not specified by the language] @key{end} Ada.Execution_Time;]} @end{Example} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00307-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[@Defn2{Term=[execution time],Sec=[of a task]} @Defn2{Term=[CPU time],Sec=[of a task]} The @i or CPU time of a given task is defined as the time spent by the system executing that task, including the time spent executing run-time or system services on its behalf. The mechanism used to measure execution time is implementation defined. It is implementation defined which task, if any, is charged the execution time that is consumed by interrupt handlers and run-time services on behalf of the system.]} @begin{Discussion} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[The implementation-defined properties above and of the values declared in the package are repeated in @DocReqTitle, so we don't mark them as implementation-defined.]} @end{Discussion} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00307-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[The type CPU_Time represents the execution time of a task. The set of values of this type corresponds one-to-one with an implementation-defined range of mathematical integers.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00307-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[The CPU_Time value I represents the half-open execution-time interval that starts with I*CPU_Time_Unit and is limited by (I+1)*CPU_Time_Unit, where CPU_Time_Unit is an implementation-defined real number. For each task, the execution time value is set to zero at the creation of the task.]} @begin{Ramification} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[Since it is implementation-defined which task is charged execution time for system services, the execution time value may become non-zero even before the start of the activation of the task.]} @end{Ramification} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00307-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[CPU_Time_First and CPU_Time_Last are the smallest and largest values of the CPU_Time type, respectively.]} @end{StaticSem} @begin{RunTime} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00307-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[@Defn{CPU clock tick} CPU_Time_Unit is the smallest amount of execution time representable by the CPU_Time type; it is expressed in seconds. A @i is an execution time interval during which the clock value (as observed by calling the Clock function) remains constant. CPU_Tick is the average length of such intervals.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00307-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[The effects of the operators on CPU_Time and Time_Span are as for the operators defined for integer types.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00307-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[The function Clock returns the current execution time of the task identified by T; Tasking_Error is raised if that task has terminated; Program_Error is raised if the value of T is Task_Identification.Null_Task_Id.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00307-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[The effects of the Split and Time_Of operations are defined as follows, treating values of type CPU_Time, Time_Span, and Seconds_Count as mathematical integers. The effect of Split (T, SC, TS) is to set SC and TS to values such that T*CPU_Time_Unit = SC*1.0 + TS*CPU_Time_Unit, and 0.0 <= TS*CPU_Time_Unit < 1.0. The value returned by Time_Of(SC,TS) is the execution-time value T such that T*CPU_Time_Unit=SC*1.0 + TS*CPU_Time_Unit.]} @end{RunTime} @begin{Erron} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00307-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[@PDefn2{Term=(erroneous execution),Sec=(cause)} For a call of Clock, if the task identified by T no longer exists, the execution of the program is erroneous.]} @end{Erron} @begin{ImplReq} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00307-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[The range of CPU_Time values shall be sufficient to uniquely represent the range of execution times from the task start-up to 50 years of execution time later. CPU_Tick shall be no greater than 1 millisecond.]} @end{ImplReq} @begin{DocReq} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00307-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[The implementation shall document the values of CPU_Time_First, CPU_Time_Last, CPU_Time_Unit, and CPU_Tick.]} @ChgDocReq{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],Text=[@ChgAdded{Version=[2], Text=[The values of CPU_Time_First, CPU_Time_Last, CPU_Time_Unit, and CPU_Tick of package Execution_Time.]}]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00307-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[The implementation shall document the properties of the underlying mechanism used to measure execution times, such as the range of values supported and any relevant aspects of the underlying hardware or operating system facilities used.]} @ChgDocReq{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],Text=[@ChgAdded{Version=[2], Text=[The properties of the mechanism used to implement package Execution_Time.]}]} @end{DocReq} @begin{Metrics} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00307-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Type=[Leading],Keepnext=[T],Text=[The implementation shall document the following metrics:]} @begin{Itemize} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text={An upper bound on the execution-time duration of a clock tick. This is a value D such that if t1 and t2 are any execution times of a given task such that t1 < t2 and Clock@-{t1} = Clock@-{t2} then t2 @en@; t1 <= D.}} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[An upper bound on the size of a clock jump. A clock jump is the difference between two successive distinct values of an execution-time clock (as observed by calling the Clock function with the same Task_Id).]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[An upper bound on the execution time of a call to the Clock function, in processor clock cycles.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[Upper bounds on the execution times of the operators of the type CPU_Time, in processor clock cycles.]} @end{Itemize} @ChgDocReq{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],Text=[@ChgAdded{Version=[2], Text=[The metrics for execution time.]}]} @end{Metrics} @begin{ImplPerm} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00307-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[Implementations targeted to machines with word size smaller than 32 bits need not support the full range and granularity of the CPU_Time type.]} @end{ImplPerm} @begin{ImplAdvice} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00307-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[When appropriate, implementations should provide configuration mechanisms to change the value of CPU_Tick.]} @ChgImplAdvice{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],Text=[@ChgAdded{Version=[2], Text=[When appropriate, implementations should provide configuration mechanisms to change the value of Execution_Time.CPU_Tick.]}]} @end{ImplAdvice} @begin{Extend95} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00307-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[@Defn{extensions to Ada 95} The package Execution_Time is new.]} @end{Extend95} @LabeledAddedSubclause{Version=[2],Name=[Execution Time Timers]} @begin{Intro} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00307-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[This clause describes a language-defined package that provides a facility for calling a handler when a task has used a defined amount of CPU time.]} @end{Intro} @begin{StaticSem} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00307-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],KeepNext=[T],Type=[Leading],Text=[The following language-defined library package exists:]} @begin{Example} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[@key{with} System; @key{package} Ada.Execution_Time.Timers @key{is}@ChildUnit{Parent=[Ada.Execution_Time],Child=[Timers]}]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[ @key{type} @AdaTypeDefn{Timer} (T : @key{not null access constant} Ada.Task_Identification.Task_Id) @key{is} @key{tagged limited private};]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[ @key{type} @AdaTypeDefn{Timer_Handler} @key{is} @key{access protected procedure} (TM : @key{in out} Timer);]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[ @AdaObjDefn{Min_Handler_Ceiling} : @key{constant} System.Any_Priority := @RI[implementation-defined];]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[ @key{procedure} @AdaSubDefn{Set_Handler} (TM : @key{in out} Timer; In_Time : @key{in} Time_Span; Handler : @key{in} Timer_Handler); @key{procedure} @AdaSubDefn{Set_Handler} (TM : @key{in out} Timer; At_Time : @key{in} CPU_Time; Handler : @key{in} Timer_Handler); @key{function} @AdaSubDefn{Current_Handler} (TM : Timer) @key{return} Timer_Handler; @key{procedure} @AdaSubDefn{Cancel_Handler} (TM : @key{in out} Timer; Cancelled : @key{out} Boolean);]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[ @key{function} @AdaSubDefn{Time_Remaining} (TM : Timer) @key{return} Time_Span;]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[ @AdaExcDefn{Timer_Resource_Error} : @key{exception};]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[@key{private} ... -- not specified by the language @key{end} Ada.Execution_Time.Timers;]} @end{Example} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00307-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[The type Timer represents an execution-time event for a single task and is capable of detecting execution-time overruns. The access discriminant T identifies the task concerned. The type Timer needs finalization (see @RefSecNum{User-Defined Assignment and Finalization}).]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00307-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[An object of type Timer is said to be @i if it is associated with a non-null value of type Timer_Handler and @i otherwise. All Timer objects are initially cleared. @PDefn2{Term=[set],Sec=[execution timer object]} @PDefn2{Term=[clear],Sec=[execution timer object]}]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00307-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[The type Timer_Handler identifies a protected procedure to be executed by the implementation when the timer expires. Such a protected procedure is called a @i. @PDefn2{Term=[handler],Sec=[execution timer]}]} @begin{Discussion} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[Type Timer is tagged. This makes it possible to share a handler between several events. In simple cases, 'Access can be used to compare the parameter with a specific timer object (this works because a tagged type is a by-reference type). In more complex cases, a type extension of type Timer can be declared; a double type conversion can be used to access the extension data. An example of how this can be done can be found for the similar type Timing_Event, see @RefSecNum{Timing Events}.]} @end{Discussion} @end{StaticSem} @begin{Runtime} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00307-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[When a Timer object is created, or upon the first call of a Set_Handler procedure with the timer as parameter, the resources required to operate an execution-time timer based on the associated execution-time clock are allocated and initialized. If this operation would exceed the available resources, Timer_Resource_Error is raised.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00307-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[The procedures Set_Handler associate the handler Handler with the timer TM; if Handler is @key[null], the timer is cleared, otherwise it is set. The first procedure Set_Handler loads the timer TM with an interval specified by the Time_Span parameter. In this mode, the timer TM @i when the execution time of the task identified by TM.T.@key[all] has increased by In_Time; if In_Time is less than or equal to zero, the timer expires immediately. The second procedure Set_Handler loads the timer TM with the absolute value specified by At_Time. In this mode, the timer TM expires when the execution time of the task identified by TM.T.@key[all] reaches At_Time; if the value of At_Time has already been reached when Set_Handler is called, the timer expires immediately.@Defn2{Term=[expires], Sec=[execution timer]}]} @begin{ImplNote} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[Since an access-to-constant can designate a variable, the Task_Id value designated by the discriminant of a Timer object can be changed after the object is created. Thus, an implementation cannot use the value of the Task_Id other than where this Standard specifies. For instance, the Task_Id should be read when the timer is set, but it should not be used when the timer expires (as it may designate a different task at that point.]} @end{ImplNote} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00307-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[A call of a procedure Set_Handler for a timer that is already set replaces the handler and the (absolute or relative) execution time; if Handler is not @b, the timer remains set.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00307-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[When a timer expires, the associated handler is executed, passing the timer as parameter. The initial action of the execution of the handler is to clear the event.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00307-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[The function Current_Handler returns the handler associated with the timer TM if that timer is set; otherwise it returns @b.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00307-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[The procedure Cancel_Handler clears the timer if it is set. Cancelled is assigned True if the timer was set prior to it being cleared; otherwise it is assigned False.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00307-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[The function Time_Remaining returns the execution time interval that remains until the timer TM would expire, if that timer is set; otherwise it returns Time_Span_Zero.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00307-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[The constant Min_Handler_Ceiling is the minimum ceiling priority required for a protected object with a handler to ensure that no ceiling violation will occur when that handler is invoked.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00307-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[As part of the finalization of an object of type Timer, the timer is cleared.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00307-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[For all the subprograms defined in this package, Tasking_Error is raised if the task identified by TM.T.@key[all] has terminated, and Program_Error is raised if the value of TM.T.@key[all] is Task_Identification.Null_Task_Id.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00307-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[An exception propagated from a handler invoked as part of the expiration of a timer has no effect.]} @end{Runtime} @begin{Erron} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00307-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[@PDefn2{Term=(erroneous execution),Sec=(cause)} For a call of any of the subprograms defined in this package, if the task identified by TM.T.@key[all] no longer exists, the execution of the program is erroneous.]} @end{Erron} @begin{ImplReq} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00307-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[For a given Timer object, the implementation shall perform the operations declared in this package atomically with respect to any of these operations on the same Timer object. The replacement of a handler by a call of Set_Handler shall be performed atomically with respect to the execution of the handler.]} @begin{Reason} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[This prevents various race conditions. In particular it ensures that if an event occurs when Set_Handler is changing the handler then either the new or old handler is executed in response to the appropriate event. It is never possible for a new handler to be executed in response to an old event]} @end{Reason} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00307-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[When an object of type Timer is finalized, the system resources used by the timer shall be deallocated.]} @end{ImplReq} @begin{ImplPerm} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00307-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[Implementations may limit the number of timers that can be defined for each task. If this limit is exceeded then Timer_Resource_Error is raised.]} @end{ImplPerm} @begin{Notes} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00307-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[A Timer_Handler can be associated with several Timer objects.]} @end{Notes} @begin{Extend95} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00307-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[@Defn{extensions to Ada 95} The package Execution_Time.Timers is new.]} @end{Extend95} @LabeledAddedSubclause{Version=[2],Name=[Group Execution Time Budgets]} @begin{Intro} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00354-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[This clause describes a language-defined package to assign execution time budgets to groups of tasks.]} @end{Intro} @begin{StaticSem} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00354-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],KeepNext=[T],Type=[Leading],Text=[The following language-defined library package exists:]} @begin{Example} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[@key{with} System; @key{package} Ada.Execution_Time.Group_Budgets @key{is}@ChildUnit{Parent=[Ada.Execution_Time],Child=[Group_Budgets]}]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[ @key{type} @AdaTypeDefn{Group_Budget} @key{is tagged limited private};]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[ @key{type} @AdaTypeDefn{Group_Budget_Handler} @key{is access} @key{protected procedure} (GB : @key{in out} Group_Budget);]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[ @key{type} @AdaTypeDefn{Task_Array} @key{is array} (Positive @key{range} <>) @key{of} Ada.Task_Identification.Task_Id;]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[ @AdaObjDefn{Min_Handler_Ceiling} : @key{constant} System.Any_Priority := @RI[implementation-defined];]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[ @key{procedure} @AdaSubDefn{Add_Task} (GB : @key{in out} Group_Budget; T : @key{in} Ada.Task_Identification.Task_Id); @key{procedure} @AdaSubDefn{Remove_Task} (GB: @key{in out} Group_Budget; T : @key{in} Ada.Task_Identification.Task_Id); @key{function} @AdaSubDefn{Is_Member} (GB : Group_Budget; T : Ada.Task_Identification.Task_Id) @key{return} Boolean; @key{function} @AdaSubDefn{Is_A_Group_Member} (T : Ada.Task_Identification.Task_Id) @key{return} Boolean; @key{function} @AdaSubDefn{Members} (GB : Group_Budget) @key{return} Task_Array;]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[ @key{procedure} @AdaSubDefn{Replenish} (GB : @key{in out} Group_Budget; To : @key{in} Time_Span); @key{procedure} @AdaSubDefn{Add} (GB : @key{in out} Group_Budget; Interval : @key{in} Time_Span); @key{function} @AdaSubDefn{Budget_Has_Expired} (GB : Group_Budget) @key{return} Boolean; @key{function} @AdaSubDefn{Budget_Remaining} (GB : Group_Budget) @key{return} Time_Span;]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[ @key{procedure} @AdaSubDefn{Set_Handler} (GB : @key{in out} Group_Budget; Handler : @key{in} Group_Budget_Handler); @key{function} @AdaSubDefn{Current_Handler} (GB : Group_Budget) @key{return} Group_Budget_Handler; @key{procedure} @AdaSubDefn{Cancel_Handler} (GB : @key{in out} Group_Budget; Cancelled : @key{out} Boolean);]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[ @AdaExcDefn{Group_Budget_Error} : @key{exception};]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[@key{private} -- not specified by the language @key{end} Ada.Execution_Time.Group_Budgets;]} @end{Example} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00354-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[The type Group_Budget represents an execution time budget to be used by a group of tasks. The type Group_Budget needs finalization (see @RefSecNum{User-Defined Assignment and Finalization}). A task can belong to at most one group. Tasks of any priority can be added to a group.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00354-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[An object of type Group_Budget has an associated nonnegative value of type Time_Span known as its @i, which is initially Time_Span_Zero. The type Group_Budget_Handler identifies a protected procedure to be executed by the implementation when the budget is @i, that is, reaches zero. Such a protected procedure is called a @i.@Defn{budget}@Defn2{Term=[exhaust],Sec=[a budget]} @PDefn2{Term=[handler],Sec=[group budget]}]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00354-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[An object of type Group_Budget also includes a handler, which is a value of type Group_Budget_Handler. The handler of the object is said to be @i if it is not null and @i otherwise. The handler of all Group_Budget objects is initially cleared. @PDefn2{Term=[set],Sec=[group budget object]} @PDefn2{Term=[clear],Sec=[group budget object]}]} @begin{Discussion} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[Type Group_Budget is tagged. This makes it possible to share a handler between several events. In simple cases, 'Access can be used to compare the parameter with a specific group budget object (this works because a tagged type is a by-reference type). In more complex cases, a type extension of type Group_Budget can be declared; a double type conversion can be used to access the extension data. An example of how this can be done can be found for the similar type Timing_Event, see @RefSecNum{Timing Events}.]} @end{Discussion} @end{StaticSem} @begin{RunTime} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00354-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[The procedure Add_Task adds the task identified by T to the group GB; if that task is already a member of some other group, Group_Budget_Error is raised.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00354-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[The procedure Remove_Task removes the task identified by T from the group GB; if that task is not a member of the group GB, Group_Budget_Error is raised. After successful execution of this procedure, the task is no longer a member of any group.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00354-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[The function Is_Member returns True if the task identified by T is a member of the group GB; otherwise it return False.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00354-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[The function Is_A_Group_Member returns True if the task identified by T is a member of some group; otherwise it returns False.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00354-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[The function Members returns an array of values of type Task_Identification.Task_Id identifying the members of the group GB. The order of the components of the array is unspecified.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00354-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[The procedure Replenish loads the group budget GB with To as the Time_Span value. The exception Group_Budget_Error is raised if the Time_Span value To is non-positive. Any execution of any member of the group of tasks results in the budget counting down, unless exhausted. When the budget becomes exhausted (reaches Time_Span_Zero), the associated handler is executed if the handler of group budget GB is set. Nevertheless, the tasks continue to execute.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00354-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[The procedure Add modifies the budget of the group GB. A positive value for Interval increases the budget. A negative value for Interval reduces the budget, but never below Time_Span_Zero. A zero value for Interval has no effect. A call of procedure Add that results in the value of the budget going to Time_Span_Zero causes the associated handler to be executed if the handler of the group budget GB is set.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00354-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[The function Budget_Has_Expired returns True if the budget of group GB is exhausted (equal to Time_Span_Zero); otherwise it returns False.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00354-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[The function Budget_Remaining returns the remaining budget for the group GB. If the budget is exhausted it returns Time_Span_Zero. This is the minimum value for a budget.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00354-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[The procedure Set_Handler associates the handler Handler with the Group_Budget GB; if Handler is @b, the handler of Group_Budget is cleared, otherwise it is set.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00354-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[A call of Set_Handler for a Group_Budget that already has a handler set replaces the handler; if Handler is not @b, the handler for Group_Budget remains set.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00354-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[The function Current_Handler returns the handler associated with the group budget GB if the handler for that group budget is set; otherwise it returns @b.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00354-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[The procedure Cancel_Handler clears the handler for the group budget if it is set. Cancelled is assigned True if the handler for the group budget was set prior to it being cleared; otherwise it is assigned False.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00354-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[The constant Min_Handler_Ceiling is the minimum ceiling priority required for a protected object with a handler to ensure that no ceiling violation will occur when that handler is invoked.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00354-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[The precision of the accounting of task execution time to a Group_Budget is the same as that defined for execution-time clocks from the parent package.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00354-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[As part of the finalization of an object of type Group_Budget all member tasks are removed from the group identified by that object.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00354-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[If a task is a member of a Group_Budget when it terminates then as part of the finalization of the task it is removed from the group.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00354-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[For all the operations defined in this package, Tasking_Error is raised if the task identified by T has terminated, and Program_Error is raised if the value of T is Task_Identification.Null_Task_Id.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00354-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[An exception propagated from a handler invoked when the budget of a group of tasks becomes exhausted has no effect.]} @end{RunTime} @begin{Erron} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00354-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[@PDefn2{Term=(erroneous execution),Sec=(cause)} For a call of any of the subprograms defined in this package, if the task identified by T no longer exists, the execution of the program is erroneous.]} @end{Erron} @begin{ImplReq} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00354-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[For a given Group_Budget object, the implementation shall perform the operations declared in this package atomically with respect to any of these operations on the same Group_Budget object. The replacement of a handler, by a call of Set_Handler, shall be performed atomically with respect to the execution of the handler.]} @begin{Reason} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[This prevents various race conditions. In particular it ensures that if the budget is exhausted when Set_Handler is changing the handler then either the new or old handler is executed and the exhausting event is not lost.]} @end{Reason} @end{ImplReq} @begin{Notes} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00354-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[Clearing or setting of the handler of a group budget does not change the current value of the budget. Exhaustion or loading of a budget does not change whether the handler of the group budget is set or cleared.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00354-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[A Group_Budget_Handler can be associated with several Group_Budget objects.]} @end{Notes} @begin{Extend95} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00354-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[@Defn{extensions to Ada 95} The package Execution_Time.Group_Budgets is new.]} @end{Extend95} @LabeledAddedClause{Version=[2],Name=[Timing Events]} @begin{Intro} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00297-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[This clause describes a language-defined package to allow user-defined protected procedures to be executed at a specified time without the need for a task or a delay statement.]} @end{Intro} @begin{StaticSem} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00297-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],KeepNext=[T],Type=[Leading],Text=[The following language-defined library package exists:]} @begin{Example} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[@key{package} Ada.Real_Time.Timing_Events @key{is}@ChildUnit{Parent=[Ada.Real_Time],Child=[Timing_Events]}]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[ @key{type} @AdaTypeDefn{Timing_Event} @key{is tagged limited private}; @key{type} @AdaTypeDefn{Timing_Event_Handler} @key{is access protected procedure} (Event : @key{in out} Timing_Event);]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[ @key{procedure} @AdaSubDefn{Set_Handler} (Event : @key{in out} Timing_Event; At_Time : @key{in} Time; Handler : @key{in} Timing_Event_Handler); @key{procedure} @AdaSubDefn{Set_Handler} (Event : @key{in out} Timing_Event; In_Time : @key{in} Time_Span; Handler : @key{in} Timing_Event_Handler); @key{function} @AdaSubDefn{Current_Handler} (Event : Timing_Event) @key{return} Timing_Event_Handler; @key{procedure} @AdaSubDefn{Cancel_Handler} (Event : @key{in out} Timing_Event; Cancelled : @key{out} Boolean);]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[ @key{function} @AdaSubDefn{Time_Of_Event} (Event : Timing_Event) @key{return} Time;]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[@key{private} ... -- @RI[not specified by the language] @key{end} Ada.Real_Time.Timing_Events;]} @end{Example} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00297-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[The type Timing_Event represents a time in the future when an event is to occur. The type Timing_Event needs finalization (see @RefSecNum{User-Defined Assignment and Finalization}).]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00297-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[An object of type Timing_Event is said to be @i if it is associated with a non-null value of type Timing_Event_Handler and @i otherwise. All Timing_Event objects are initially cleared. @PDefn2{Term=[set],Sec=[timing event object]} @PDefn2{Term=[clear],Sec=[timing event object]}]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00297-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[The type Timing_Event_Handler identifies a protected procedure to be executed by the implementation when the timing event occurs. Such a protected procedure is called a @i{handler}. @PDefn2{Term=[handler],Sec=[timing event]}]} @begin{Discussion} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Type=[Leading],Text=[Type Timing_Event is tagged. This makes it possible to share a handler between several events. In simple cases, 'Access can be used to compare the parameter with a specific timing event object (this works because a tagged type is a by-reference type). In more complex cases, a type extension of type Timing_Event can be declared; a double type conversion can be used to access the extension data. For example:]} @begin{Example} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[@key{type} Toaster_Timing_Event @key{is new} Timing_Event @key{with record} Slot : Natural; @key{end record};]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[...]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[@key{protected body} Toaster @key{is}]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[ @key{procedure} Timer(Event : @key{in out} Timing_Event) @key{is} @key{begin} Pop_Up_Toast (Toaster_Timing_Event(Timing_Event'Class(Event)).Slot); @key{end} Timer;]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[ ... @key{end} Toaster;]} @end{Example} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[The extra conversion to the class-wide type is necessary to make the conversions legal. While this usage is clearly ugly, we think that the need for this sort of usage will be rare, so we can live with it. It's certainly better than having no way to associate data with an event.]} @end{Discussion} @end{StaticSem} @begin{Runtime} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00297-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[The procedures Set_Handler associate the handler Handler with the event Event; if Handler is @key{null}, the event is cleared, otherwise it is set. The first procedure Set_Handler sets the execution time for the event to be At_Time. The second procedure Set_Handler sets the execution time for the event to be Real_Time.Clock + In_Time.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00297-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[A call of a procedure Set_Handler for an event that is already set replaces the handler and the time of execution; if Handler is not @key{null}, the event remains set.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00297-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[As soon as possible after the time set for the event, the handler is executed, passing the event as parameter. The handler is only executed if the timing event is in the set state at the time of execution. The initial action of the execution of the handler is to clear the event.]} @begin{Reason} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[The second sentence of this paragraph is because of a potential race condition. The time might expire and yet before the handler is executed, some task could call Cancel_Handler (or equivalently call Set_Handler with a @key{null} parameter) and thus clear the handler.]} @end{Reason} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00297-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[If the Ceiling_Locking policy (see @RefSecNum{Priority Ceiling Locking}) is in effect when a procedure Set_Handler is called, a check is made that the ceiling priority of Handler.@key{all} is Interrupt_Priority'Last. If the check fails, Program_Error is raised.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00297-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[If a procedure Set_Handler is called with zero or negative In_Time or with At_Time indicating a time in the past then the handler is executed immediately by the task executing the call of Set_Handler. The timing event Event is cleared.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00297-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[The function Current_Handler returns the handler associated with the event Event if that event is set; otherwise it returns @key{null}.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00297-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[The procedure Cancel_Handler clears the event if it is set. Cancelled is assigned True if the event was set prior to it being cleared; otherwise it is assigned False.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00297-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[The function Time_Of_Event returns the time of the event if the event is set; otherwise it returns Real_Time.Time_First.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00297-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[As part of the finalization of an object of type Timing_Event, the Timing_Event is cleared.]} @begin{ImplNote} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[This is the only finalization defined by the language that has a visible effect; but an implementation may have other finalization that it needs to perform. Implementations need to ensure that the event is cleared before anything else is finalized that would prevent a set event from being triggered.]} @end{ImplNote} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00297-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[If several timing events are set for the same time, they are executed in FIFO order of being set.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00297-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[An exception propagated from a handler invoked by a timing event has no effect.]} @end{Runtime} @begin{ImplReq} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00297-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[For a given Timing_Event object, the implementation shall perform the operations declared in this package atomically with respect to any of these operations on the same Timing_Event object. The replacement of a handler by a call of Set_Handler shall be performed atomically with respect to the execution of the handler.]} @begin{Reason} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[This prevents various race conditions. In particular it ensures that if an event occurs when Set_Handler is changing the handler then either the new or old handler is executed in response to the appropriate event. It is never possible for a new handler to be executed in response to an old event.]} @end{Reason} @end{ImplReq} @begin{Metrics} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00297-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Type=[Leading],Text=[The implementation shall document the following metric:]} @begin{Itemize} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[An upper bound on the lateness of the execution of a handler. That is, the maximum time between when a handler is actually executed and the time specified when the event was set.]} @end{Itemize} @ChgDocReq{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],Text=[@ChgAdded{Version=[2], Text=[The metrics for timing events.]}]} @end{Metrics} @begin{ImplAdvice} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00297-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[The protected handler procedure should be executed directly by the real-time clock interrupt mechanism.]} @ChgImplAdvice{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],Text=[@ChgAdded{Version=[2], Text=[For a timing event, the handler should be executed directly by the real-time clock interrupt mechanism.]}]} @end{ImplAdvice} @begin{Notes} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00297-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[Since a call of Set_Handler is not a potentially blocking operation, it can be called from within a handler.]} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00297-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[A Timing_Event_Handler can be associated with several Timing_Event objects.]} @end{Notes} @begin{Extend95} @ChgRef{Version=[2],Kind=[AddedNormal],ARef=[AI95-00297-01]} @ChgAdded{Version=[2],Text=[@Defn{extensions to Ada 95} The package Real_Time.Timing_Events is new.]} @end{Extend95}