!standard A.18 (00) 04-12-30 AI95-00302-03/09 !standard A.18.1 (00) !standard A.18.2 (00) !standard A.18.3 (00) !standard A.18.4 (00) !standard A.18.5 (00) !standard A.18.6 (00) !standard A.18.7 (00) !standard A.18.8 (00) !standard A.18.9 (00) !standard A.18.10 (00) !standard A.18.11 (00) !standard A.18.12 (00) !standard A.18.13 (00) !standard A.18.14 (00) !standard A.18.15 (00) !standard A.18.16 (00) !standard A.4.9 (00) !class amendment 04-01-14 !status Amendment 200Y 04-12-31 !status ARG Approved 10-0-0 04-11-20 !status work item 04-01-14 !status received 04-01-14 !priority Medium !difficulty Hard !subject Container library !summary The following API describes a standard container library for Ada. The library comprises sequence containers (vectors and lists), for inserting elements at specified positions, and associative containers (sets and maps), which position elements in order by key. The library is general, flexible, and efficient, and its design has been guided by the philosophy that a library should stay out of the programmer's way. !problem It is often the case that the solution to a programming problem requires a collection of elements. The Ada language of course provides a built-in array type, but typical problems often require a data structure with better time behavior or more sophisticated semantics. Even if you can get by with using an array, any non-trivial array manipulation quickly becomes unwieldy, and hence error-prone. An array is also not general enough in that it only provides a mapping from a discrete index to the element type. The developer typically needs a container that can map an element to any arbitrary type. The key type often needs to be a string, but of course this cannot be used as an array index subtype. With no general-purpose standard container library, a developer is left to craft his own container type. The data structure invariably chosen is some kind of linked-list, because it's relatively simple. However, manipulation of raw access types tends to be error-prone, and is a source of memory leaks. A linked-list also does not perform well as a general-purpose set or map when the number of elements is large. One argument for having a standard library is that it's nice to be able to use a language right out-of-the-box. If a developer has to leave the language to solve common problems then perhaps that is a sign the language doesn't provide enough support for the developer. Other languages with which Ada competes, such as C++ or Java, come with rich standard container libraries. Many existing container libraries are either badly designed or difficult to use. One issue is that it should be simple and easy to instantiate a component. If it requires more than a single instantiation to create a useable container, then it's too much pain and few developers will bother. If he does bother his experience will be unpleasant. Programming is work, but it should be fun work, not drudgery. Libraries often have the problem that they are not sufficiently general, or simply not intended as industrial-strength libraries. The library designer can't possibly predict all the myriad uses to which his library will be put, and so the library must be general and flexible enough to suit unimagined uses. Another problem is that these libraries often don't scale well to large numbers of elements. Their behavior is neither predictable nor is it even specified. They are often both time and space inefficient for various other reasons. In real-time programs especially, it's important to have predictable run-time behavior. An industrial-strength, general-purpose standard container library must provide containers that perform better than linear time complexity. Searches in particular need to be fast. !proposal This library API proposal is modeled on the Standard Template Library (STL), an algorithms and data structure library popularized by Alexander Stepanov, and included in the C++ standard library. We can broadly characterize containers as being either "sequence containers" or "associative containers." All sequence containers allow insertion and deletion at any position in the container, but each one optimizes differently for insertions at certain positions. Associative containers associate elements with a key, which defines how elements are ordered in the container. A vector is a sequence container optimized for insertion at the back end. It of course allows insertion at any position, but as you move toward the front the cost of vector insertion approaches linear time complexity. A vector supports constant-time random access of elements. A linked-list is a sequence container that provides constant-time insertion and deletion at any position, but does not provide random access. The list container is doubly-linked, having nodes with next and previous pointers, and thus supports both forward and reverse iteration. All of the containers specify positions using a cursor, which is similar to an access type in that it designates an element. Selector functions and procedures allow access to the element. Many cursor operations are common to all containers. Containers also support operations specific to that container; for instance, vectors also specify positions via an integer index subtype. The associative containers order their elements by key. A map has an explicit key type, but with a set the key is implicit in the element itself. The hashed map associative containers scatter keys in the container according to a hash function. The size of the hash table is automatically increased when the length of the container equals its capacity (which specifies the length before which it is guaranteed that no automatic hash table resizing occurs), thus preserving constant time complexity for insertions. The ordered map associative containers maintains the keys in sort order. Insertions and searches have O(log N) time complexity even inthe worst case. The hashed set associative containers scatter elements in the container according to a hash function. The size of the hash table is automatically increased when the length of the container equals its capacity (which specifies the length before which it is guaranteed that no automatic hash table resizing occurs), thus preserving constant time complexity for insertions. The ordered set associative container maintains elements in sort order. Insertions and searches have O(log N) time complexity even in the worst case. All of the containers have alternate forms that accept an element type that is indefinite. The indefinite hashed maps also accept an indefinite key type, allowing (for example) type String to be used as the generic actual key type. There are also library-level subprograms for returning the hash value of strings, and generic procedures for sorting an array. The design of these packages follow the principle that they can be implemented in Ada without any special implementation-specific magic. This is important, as we do not want to burden implementers with special purpose requirements. We also want to follow the principle that any capability used for the implementation of the language is made available to users. This API is based on an existing container library called Charles. The source code itself and a couple of papers about the design of Charles can be found at: Following the API proper, this proposal concludes with an examples section that illustrates the kinds of problems the library solves, and the most effective way to use the library to solve them. This AI makes use of anonymous access-to-subprogram types, and therefore assumes that AI-254 will be part of the Amendment. !wording Add Ada.Strings.Hash and Ada.Strings.Unbounded.Hash to A.4.7(29). [This gives us Wide_ versions of these functions.] A.4.9 String Hashing Static Semantics The library function Strings.Hash has the following declaration: with Ada.Containers; function Ada.Strings.Hash (Key : String) return Containers.Hash_Type; pragma Pure (Ada.Strings.Hash); Return an implementation-defined value which is a function of the value of Key. If A and B are strings such that A equals B, Hash(A) equals Hash(B). The library function Strings.Unbounded.Hash has the following declaration: with Ada.Containers; function Ada.Strings.Unbounded.Hash (Key : Unbounded_String) return Containers.Hash_Type; pragma Preelaborate (Ada.Strings.Unbounded.Hash); Return an implementation-defined value which is a function of the value of Key. If A and B are unbounded strings such that A equals B, Hash(A) equals Hash(B). Implementation Advice The various Hash functions should be good hash functions, returning a wide spread of values for different string values. It should be unlikely for similar strings to return the same value. A.18 Containers This clause presents the specifications of the package Containers and several child packages, which provide facilities for storing collections of elements. A variety of sequence and associative containers are provided. Each container includes a *cursor* type. A cursor is a reference to an element within a container. Many operations on cursors are common to all of the containers. Within this clause we provide Implementation Advice for the desired average or worst case time complexity of certain operations on a container. This advice is expressed using a big-O notation. A complexity of O(f(N)), presuming f is some function of a length parameter N and t(N) is the time the operation takes (on average or worst case, as specified) for the length N, means that there exists a finite A such that for any N, t(N)/f(N) < A. AARM Note: Of course, an implementation can do better than a specified O(f(N)): for example, O(1) meets the requirements for O(log N). If the advice suggests that the complexity should be less than O(f(N)), then for any arbitrarily small positive real D, there should exist a positive integer M such that for all N > M, t(N)/f(N) < D. AARM Text Language Design Principles This clause provides a number of useful containers for Ada. Only the most useful containers are provided. Ones that are relatively easy to code, redundant, or rarely used are omitted from this set, even if they are generally included in containers libraries. The containers packages are modeled on the Standard Template Library (STL), an algorithms and data structure library popularized by Alexander Stepanov, and included in the C++ standard library. The structure and terminology differ from the STL where that better maps to common Ada usage. For instance, what the STL calls "iterators" are called "cursors" here. The following major non-limited containers are provided: * (Expandable) Vectors of any non-limited type; * Doubly-linked Lists of any non-limited type; * Hashed Maps keyed by any non-limited hashable type, and containing any non- limited type; * Ordered Maps keyed by any non-limited ordered type, and containing any non- limited type; * Hashed Sets of any non-limited hashable type; * Ordered Sets of any non-limited ordered type. Separate versions for definite and indefinite element types are provided, as those for definite types can be implemented more efficiently. Each container includes a cursor, which is a reference to an element within a container. Cursors generally remain valid as long as the container exists and the element referenced is not deleted. Many operations on cursors are common to all of the containers. This makes it possible to write generic algorithms that work on any kind of container. The containers packages are structured so that additional packages can be added in the future. Indeed, we hope that these packages provide the basis for a more extensive secondary standard for containers. If containers with similar functionality (but different performance characteristics) are provided, we suggest that a prefix be used to identify the class of the functionality: "Ada.Containers.Bounded_Sets" (for a set with a maximum number of elements); "Ada.Containers.Protected_Maps" (for a map which can be accessed by multiple tasks at one time); "Ada.Containers.Persistent_Vectors" (for a persistent vector which continues to exist between executions of a program) and so on. Note that the language already includes several requirements that are important to the use of containers. These requirements include: * Library packages must be reentrant - multiple tasks can use the packages as long as they operate on separate containers. Thus, it is only necessary for a user to protect a container if a single container needs to be used by multiple tasks. * Language-defined types stream must "properly". That means that the stream attributes can be used to implement persistence of containers when necessary, and containers can be passed between partitions of a program. * Equality of language-defined types must compose "properly". This means that the version of "=" directly used by users is the same one that will be used in generics and in predefined equality operators of types with components of the containers and/or cursors. This prevents the abstraction from breaking unexpectedly. If a container's element type is controlled, the point at which the element is finalized will depend on the implementation of the container. We do not specify precisely where this will happen (it will happen no later than the finalization of the container, of course) in order to give implementation's flexibility to cache, block, or split the nodes of the container. In particular, Delete does not necessarily finalize the element; the implementation may (or may not) hold the space for reuse. (The reference implementations show this well, as Delete for a Vector does not finalize the element, while Delete for an Ordered_Set does.) This is not likely to be a hardship, as the element type has to be non-limited. Types used to manage scarce resources generally need to be limited. Otherwise, the amount of resources needed is hard to control, as the language allows a lot of variation in the number or order of adjusts/finalizations. For common uses of non-limited controlled types such as managing storage, the types already have to manage arbitrary copies. The use of controlled type also brings up the possibility of failure of finalization (and thus deallocation) of an element. This is a "serious bug", as AI-179 puts it, so we don't try to specify what happens in that case. The implementation should propagate the exception. Implementation Notes It is expected that exceptions propagated from these operations do not damage containers. That is, if Storage_Error is propagated because of an allocation failure, or Constraint_Error is propagated by the assignment of elements, the container can continue to be used without further exceptions. The intent is that it should be possible to recover from errors without losing data. We don't try to state this formally in most cases, because it is hard to define precisely what is and is not allowed behavior. When this clause says that the behavior of something is unspecified, we really mean that any result of executing Ada code short of erroneous execution is allowed. We do not mean that memory not belonging to the parameters of the operation can be trashed. When we mean to allow erroneous behavior, we specifically say that execution is erroneous. All this means if the containers are written in Ada is that checks should not be suppressed or removed assuming some behavior of other code, and that the implementation should take care to avoid creating internal dangling accesses by assuming behavior from generic formals that can't be guaranteed. We don't try to say this normatively because it would be fairly complex, and implementers are unlikely to increase their support costs by fielding implementations that are unstable if given buggy hash functions, et. al. End AARM Text A.18.1 The Package Containers The package Containers is the root of the containers subsystem. Static Semantics The library package Containers has the following declaration: package Ada.Containers is pragma Pure(Containers); type Hash_Type is mod ; type Count_Type is range 0 .. ; end Ada.Containers; Hash_Type represents the range of the result of a hash function. Count_Type represents the (potential or actual) number of elements of a container. Each child unit of Containers defines a container type. Implementation Advice Hash_Type'Modulus should be at least 2**32. Count_Type'Last should be at least 2**31-1. AARM Note: This is not a requirement so that these types can be declared properly on machines with native sizes that are not 32 bits. For instance, a 24-bit target could use 2**24 for Hash_Type'Modulus. A.18.2 The Package Containers.Vectors The language-defined generic package Containers.Vectors provides private types Vector and Cursor, and a set of operations for each type. A vector container allows insertion and deletion at any position, but it is specifically optimized for insertion and deletion at the high end (the end with the higher index) of the container. A vector container also provides random access to its elements. A vector container behaves conceptually as an array that expands as necessary as items are inserted. The *length* of a vector is the number of elements that the vector contains. The *capacity* of a vector is the maximum number of elements that can be inserted into the vector prior to it being automatically expanded. A vector container may contain *empty elements*. Empty elements do not have a specified value. AARM Notes: Vectors are not intended to be sparse (that is, there are elements at all defined positions). Users are expected to use other containers (like a Map) when they need sparse structures (there is a Note to this effect at the end of this subclause). The internal array is a conceptual model of a vector. There is no requirement for an implementation to be a single contiguous array. End AARM Notes. Static Semantics The generic library package Containers.Vectors has the following declaration: generic type Index_Type is range <>; type Element_Type is private; with function "=" (Left, Right : Element_Type) return Boolean is <>; package Ada.Containers.Vectors is pragma Preelaborate(Vectors); subtype Extended_Index is Index_Type'Base range Index_Type'First-1 .. Index_Type'Min (Index_Type'Base'Last - 1, Index_Type'Last) + 1; No_Index : constant Extended_Index := Extended_Index'First; subtype Index_Subtype is Index_Type; type Vector is tagged private; type Cursor is private; Empty_Vector : constant Vector; No_Element : constant Cursor; function To_Vector (Length : Count_Type) return Vector; function To_Vector (New_Item : Element_Type; Length : Count_Type) return Vector; function "&" (Left, Right : Vector) return Vector; function "&" (Left : Vector; Right : Element_Type) return Vector; function "&" (Left : Element_Type; Right : Vector) return Vector; function "&" (Left, Right : Element_Type) return Vector; function "=" (Left, Right : Vector) return Boolean; function Capacity (Container : Vector) return Count_Type; procedure Reserve_Capacity (Container : in out Vector; Capacity : in Count_Type); function Length (Container : Vector) return Count_Type; function Is_Empty (Container : Vector) return Boolean; procedure Clear (Container : in out Vector); function To_Cursor (Container : Vector; Index : Extended_Index) return Cursor; function To_Index (Position : Cursor) return Extended_Index; function Element (Container : Vector; Index : Index_Type) return Element_Type; function Element (Position : Cursor) return Element_Type; procedure Query_Element (Container : in Vector; Index : in Index_Type; Process : not null access procedure (Element : in Element_Type)); procedure Query_Element (Position : in Cursor; Process : not null access procedure (Element : in Element_Type)); procedure Update_Element (Container : in Vector; Index : in Index_Type; Process : not null access procedure (Element : in out Element_Type)); procedure Update_Element (Position : in Cursor; Process : not null access procedure (Element : in out Element_Type)); procedure Replace_Element (Container : in Vector; Index : in Index_Type; By : in Element_Type); procedure Replace_Element (Position : in Cursor; By : in Element_Type); procedure Assign (Target : in out Vector; Source : in Vector); procedure Move (Target : in out Vector; Source : in out Vector); procedure Insert (Container : in out Vector; Before : in Extended_Index; New_Item : in Vector); procedure Insert (Container : in out Vector; Before : in Cursor; New_Item : in Vector); procedure Insert (Container : in out Vector; Before : in Cursor; New_Item : in Vector; Position : out Cursor); procedure Insert (Container : in out Vector; Before : in Extended_Index; New_Item : in Element_Type; Count : in Count_Type := 1); procedure Insert (Container : in out Vector; Before : in Cursor; New_Item : in Element_Type; Count : in Count_Type := 1); procedure Insert (Container : in out Vector; Before : in Cursor; New_Item : in Element_Type; Position : out Cursor; Count : in Count_Type := 1); procedure Prepend (Container : in out Vector; New_Item : in Vector); procedure Prepend (Container : in out Vector; New_Item : in Element_Type; Count : in Count_Type := 1); procedure Append (Container : in out Vector; New_Item : in Vector); procedure Append (Container : in out Vector; New_Item : in Element_Type; Count : in Count_Type := 1); procedure Insert_Space (Container : in out Vector; Before : in Extended_Index; Count : in Count_Type := 1); procedure Insert_Space (Container : in out Vector; Before : in Cursor; Position : out Cursor; Count : in Count_Type := 1); procedure Set_Length (Container : in out Vector; Length : in Count_Type); procedure Delete (Container : in out Vector; Index : in Extended_Index; Count : in Count_Type := 1); procedure Delete (Container : in out Vector; Position : in out Cursor; Count : in Count_Type := 1); procedure Delete_First (Container : in out Vector; Count : in Count_Type := 1); procedure Delete_Last (Container : in out Vector; Count : in Count_Type := 1); function First_Index (Container : Vector) return Index_Type; function First (Container : Vector) return Cursor; function First_Element (Container : Vector) return Element_Type; function Last_Index (Container : Vector) return Extended_Index; function Last (Container : Vector) return Cursor; function Last_Element (Container : Vector) return Element_Type; procedure Swap (Container : in Vector; I, J : in Index_Type); procedure Swap (I, J : in Cursor); generic with function "<" (Left, Right : Element_Type) return Boolean is <>; procedure Generic_Sort (Container : in Vector); function Find_Index (Container : Vector; Item : Element_Type; Index : Index_Type := Index_Type'First) return Extended_Index; function Find (Container : Vector; Item : Element_Type; Position : Cursor := No_Element) return Cursor; function Reverse_Find_Index (Container : Vector; Item : Element_Type; Index : Index_Type := Index_Type'Last) return Extended_Index; function Reverse_Find (Container : Vector; Item : Element_Type; Position : Cursor := No_Element) return Cursor; function Contains (Container : Vector; Item : Element_Type) return Boolean; function Next (Position : Cursor) return Cursor; function Previous (Position : Cursor) return Cursor; procedure Next (Position : in out Cursor); procedure Previous (Position : in out Cursor); function Has_Element (Position : Cursor) return Boolean; procedure Iterate (Container : in Vector; Process : not null access procedure (Position : in Cursor)); procedure Reverse_Iterate (Container : in Vector; Process : not null access procedure (Position : in Cursor)); private ... -- not specified by the language end Ada.Containers.Vectors; The type Vector is used to represent vectors. The type Vector needs finalization (see 7.6). Empty_Vector represents the empty vector object. It has a length of 0. If an object of type Vector is not otherwise initialized, it is initialized to the same value as Empty_Vector. No_Element represents a cursor that designates no element. If an object of type Cursor is not otherwise initialized, it is initialized to the same value as No_Element. No_Index represents a position that does not correspond to any element. The subtype Extended_Index includes the indices covered by Index_Type plus the value No_Index and, if it exists, the successor to the Index_Type'Last. AARM Note: We require the existence of Index_Type'First - 1, so that No_Index and Last_Index of an empty vector is well-defined. We don't require the existence of Index_Type'Last + 1, as it is only used as the position of insertions (and needs to be allowed only when inserting an empty vector). Some operations are assumed to work on a constant set of elements. For such an operation, a subprogram is said to *tamper with cursors* of a vector object V if: * it inserts or deletes elements of V, that is, it calls the Insert, Insert_Space, Clear, Delete, Delete_Last, or Set_Length procedures with V as a parameter; or AARM To Be Honest: Operations which are defined to be equivalent to a call on one of these operations also are included. Similarly, operations which call one of these as part of their definition are included. * it finalizes V; or * it calls the Move procedure with V as a parameter. Some operations are assumed to not change elements. For such an operation, a subprogram is said to *tamper with elements* of a vector object V if: * it tampers with cursors of V; or * it modifies one or more elements of V, that is, it calls the Replace_Element, Update_Element, or Swap procedures or an instance of Generic_Sort with V as a parameter. AARM Note: Swap and Generic_Sort copy elements rather than reordering them, so they can be allowed for Iterate. function To_Vector (Length : Count_Type) return Vector; Returns a vector with a length of Length, filled with empty elements. function To_Vector (New_Item : Element_Type; Length : Count_Type) return Vector; Returns a vector with a length of Length, filled with elements initialized to the value New_Item. function "&" (Left, Right : Vector) return Vector; Returns a vector comprising the elements of Left followed by the elements of Right. function "&" (Left : Vector; Right : Element_Type) return Vector; Returns a vector comprising the elements of Left followed by the element Right. function "&" (Left : Element_Type; Right : Vector) return Vector; Returns a vector comprising the element Left followed by the elements of Right. function "&" (Left, Right : Element_Type) return Vector; Returns a vector comprising the element Left followed by the element Right. function "=" (Left, Right : Vector) return Boolean; If Left and Right denote the same vector object, then the function returns True. If Left and Right have different lengths, then the function returns False. Otherwise, it compares each element in Left to the corresponding element in Right using the generic formal equality operator; if element equality returns False, then the function returns False. If the function has not returned a result after checking all of the elements, it returns True. Any exception raised during evaluation of element equality is propagated. function Capacity (Container : Vector) return Count_Type; Returns the capacity of Container. procedure Reserve_Capacity (Container : in out Vector; Capacity : in Count_Type); Reserve_Capacity allocates new internal data structures such that the length of the resulting vector can become at least the value Capacity without requiring an additional call to Reserve_Capacity, and is large enough to hold the current length of Container. Reserve_Capacity then copies the elements into the new data structures and deallocates the old data structures. Any exception raised during allocation is propagated and Container is not modified. AARM Notes Expanding the internal array can be done by allocating a new, longer array, copying the elements, and deallocating the original array. This may raise Storage_Error, or cause an exception from a controlled subprogram. We require that a failed Reserve_Capacity does not lose any elements if an exception occurs, but we do not require a specific order of evaluations or copying. This routine is used to preallocate the internal array to the specified capacity such that future Inserts do not require memory allocation overhead. Therefore, the implementation should allocate the needed memory to make that true at this point, even though the visible semantics could be preserved by waiting until the memory is needed. This doesn't apply to the indefinite element container, because elements will have to be allocated individually. The implementation does not have to contract the internal array if the capacity is reduced, as any capacity greater than or equal to the specified capacity is allowed. End AARM Notes function Length (Container : Vector) return Count_Type; Returns the number of elements in Container. function Is_Empty (Container : Vector) return Boolean; Equivalent to Length (Container) = 0. procedure Clear (Container : in out Vector); Removes all the elements from Container. The capacity of Container does not change. function To_Cursor (Container : Vector; Index : Extended_Index) return Cursor; If Index is not in the range First_Index (Container) .. Last_Index (Container), then No_Element is returned. Otherwise, a cursor designating the element at position Index in Container is returned. function To_Index (Position : Cursor) return Extended_Index; If Position is No_Element, No_Index is returned. Otherwise, the index (within its containing vector) of the element designated by Cursor is returned. AARM Note: This implies that the index is determinable from a bare cursor alone. The basic model is that a vector cursor is implemented as a record containing an access to the vector container and an index value. This does constrain implementations, but it also allows all of the cursor operations to be defined in terms of the corresponding index operation (which should be primary for a vector). function Element (Container : Vector; Index : Index_Type) return Element_Type; If Index is not in the range First_Index (Container) .. Last_Index (Container), then Constraint_Error is propagated. Otherwise, Element returns the element at position Index. function Element (Position : Cursor) return Element_Type; If Position equals No_Element, then Constraint_Error is propagated. Otherwise, Element returns the element designated by Position. procedure Query_Element (Container : in Vector; Index : in Index_Type; Process : not null access procedure (Element : in Element_Type)); If Index is not in the range First_Index (Container) .. Last_Index (Container), then Constraint_Error is propagated. Otherwise, Query_Element calls Process.all with the element at position Index as the argument. Program_Error is propagated if Process.all tampers with the elements of Container. Any exception raised by Process.all is propagated. procedure Query_Element (Position : in Cursor; Process : not null access procedure (Element : in Element_Type)); If Position equals No_Element, then Constraint_Error is propagated. Otherwise, Query_Element calls Process.all with the element designated by Position as the argument. Program_Error is propagated if Process.all tampers with the elements of Container. Any exception raised by Process.all is propagated. AARM Note: The tamper with the elements check is intended to prevent the Element parameter of Process from being modified or deleted outside of Process. The check prevent data loss (if Element_Type is passed by copy) or erroneous execution (if Element_Type is an unconstrained type in an indefinite container). procedure Update_Element (Container : in Vector; Index : in Index_Type; Process : not null access procedure (Element : in out Element_Type)); If Index is not in the range First_Index (Container) .. Last_Index (Container), then Constraint_Error is propagated. Otherwise, Update_Element calls Process.all with the element at position Index as the argument. Program_Error is propagated if Process.all tampers with the elements of Container. Any exception raised by Process.all is propagated. If Element_Type is unconstrained and definite, then the Element parameter of Process.all shall be unconstrained. AARM Note: This means that the elements cannot be directly allocated from the heap (nor aliased unless AI-363 is included in the Amendment); it must be possible to change the discriminants of the element in place. The element at position Index is not an empty element after successful completion of this operation. AARM Note: Since reading an empty element is a bounded error, attempting to use this procedure to replace empty elements may fail. Use Replace_Element to do that reliably. procedure Update_Element (Position : in Cursor; Process : not null access procedure (Element : in out Element_Type)); If Position equals No_Element, then Constraint_Error is propagated. Otherwise, Update_Element calls Process.all with the element designated by Position as the argument. Program_Error is propagated if Process.all tampers with the elements of Container. Any exception raised by Process.all is propagated. If Element_Type is unconstrained and definite, then the Element parameter of Process.all shall be unconstrained. The element designated by Position is not an empty element after successful completion of this operation. procedure Replace_Element (Container : in Vector; Index : in Index_Type; By : in Element_Type); If Index is not in the range First_Index (Container) .. Last_Index (Container), then Constraint_Error is propagated. Otherwise Replace_Element assigns the value By to the element at position Index. Any exception raised during the assignment is propagated. The element at position Index is not an empty element after successful call to Replace_Element. procedure Replace_Element (Position : in Cursor; By : in Element_Type); If Position equals No_Element, then Constraint_Error is propagated. Otherwise Replace_Element assigns By to the element designated by Position. Any exception raised during the assignment is propagated. The element at Position is not an empty element after successful call to Replace_Element. AARM Note: Replace_Element and Update_Element are the only ways that an element can change from empty to non-empty. procedure Assign (Target : in out Vector; Source : in Vector); If Target denotes the same object as Source, then the operation has no effect. Otherwise, Assign first calls Clear (Target), then Reserve_Capacity (Target, Length (Source)). It then assigns the elements of Source to the corresponding positions in Target, and sets the length of Target to the length of Source. Any exception raised during element assignment is propagated. procedure Move (Target : in out Vector; Source : in out Vector); If Target denotes the same object as Source, then Move has no effect. Otherwise, Move first calls Clear (Target); then, each element from Source is removed from Source and inserted into Target in the original order. The length of Source is 0 after a successful call to Move. AARM Note: The idea is that the internal array is removed from Source and moved to Target. (See the Implementation Advice for Move). If Capacity (Target) /= 0, the previous internal array may need to be deallocated. We don't mention this explicitly, because it is covered by the "no memory loss" Implementation Requirement. procedure Insert (Container : in out Vector; Before : in Extended_Index; New_Item : in Vector); If Before is not in the range First_Index (Container) .. Last_Index (Container) + 1, then Constraint_Error is propagated. If Length(New_Item) is 0, then Insert does nothing. Otherwise, it computes the new length *NL* as the sum of the current length and Length (New_Item); if the value of Last appropriate for length NL would be greater than Index_Type'Last then Constraint_Error is propagated. If the current vector capacity is less than or equal to NL, Reserve_Capacity (Container, NL) is called to increase the vector capacity. Then Insert slides the elements in the range Before .. Last_Index (Container) up by Length(New_Item) positions, and then copies the elements of New_Item to the positions starting at Before. Any exception raised during the copying is propagated. AARM Note: Moving the elements does not necessarily involve copying. Similarly, since Reserve_Capacity does not require the copying of elements, it does not need to be explicitly called (the implementation can combine the operations if it wishes to). [Note to reviewers: I didn't want to duplicate the messy wording and notes about exceptions not losing anything.] End AARM Note. procedure Insert (Container : in out Vector; Before : in Cursor; New_Item : in Vector); Program_Error is propagated unless Before is equal to No_Element or designated an element in Container. Otherwise, if Length(New_Item) is 0, then Insert does nothing. If Before is No_Element, then the call is equivalent to Insert (Container, Last_Index (Container) + 1), New_Item); otherwise the call is equivalent to Insert (Container, To_Index (Before), New_Item); AARM Note: The check on Before checks that the cursor does not belong to some other Container. This check implies that a reference to the container is included in the cursor value. This wording is not meant to require detection of dangling cursors; such cursors are defined to be invalid, which means that execution is erroneous, and any result is allowed (including not raising an exception). procedure Insert (Container : in out Vector; Before : in Cursor; New_Item : in Vector; Position : out Cursor); Program_Error is propagated unless Before is equal to No_Element or designated an element in Container. If Before equals No_Element, then let T be Last_Index (Container) + 1; otherwise, let T be To_Index (Before). Insert (Container, T, New_Item) is called, and then Position is set to To_Cursor (Container, T). AARM Note: The messy wording is needed because Before is invalidated by Insert, and we don't want Position to be invalid after this call. An implementation probably only needs to copy Before to Position. procedure Insert (Container : in out Vector; Before : in Extended_Index; New_Item : in Element_Type; Count : in Count_Type := 1); Equivalent to Insert (Container, Before, To_Vector (New_Item, Count)); procedure Insert (Container : in out Vector; Before : in Cursor; New_Item : in Element_Type; Count : in Count_Type := 1); Equivalent to Insert (Container, Before, To_Vector (New_Item, Count)); procedure Insert (Container : in out Vector; Before : in Cursor; New_Item : in Element_Type; Position : out Cursor; Count : in Count_Type := 1); Equivalent to Insert (Container, Before, To_Vector (New_Item, Count), Position); procedure Prepend (Container : in out Vector; New_Item : in Vector; Count : in Count_Type := 1); Equivalent to Insert (Container, Index_Type'First, New_Item). procedure Prepend (Container : in out Vector; New_Item : in Element_Type; Count : in Count_Type := 1); Equivalent to Insert (Container, Index_Type'First, New_Item, Count). procedure Append (Container : in out Vector; New_Item : in Vector); Equivalent to Insert (Container, Last_Index (Container) + 1, New_Item). procedure Append (Container : in out Vector; New_Item : in Element_Type; Count : in Count_Type := 1); Equivalent to Insert (Container, Last_Index (Container) + 1, New_Item, Count). procedure Insert_Space (Container : in out Vector; Before : in Extended_Index; Count : in Count_Type := 1); If Before is not in the range First_Index (Container) .. Last_Index (Container) + 1, then Constraint_Error is propagated. If Count is 0, then Insert_Space does nothing. Otherwise, it computes the new length *NL* as the sum of the current length and Count; if the value of Last appropriate for length NL would be greater than Index_Type'Last then Constraint_Error is propagated. If the current vector capacity is less than or equal to NL, Reserve_Capacity (Container, NL) is called to increase the vector capacity. Then Insert_Space slides the elements in the range Before .. Last_Index (Container) up by Count positions, and then inserts empty elements in the positions starting at Before. procedure Insert_Space (Container : in out Vector; Before : in Cursor; Position : out Cursor; Count : in Count_Type := 1); Program_Error is propagated unless Before is equal to No_Element or designated an element in Container. If Before equals No_Element, then let T be Last_Index (Container) + 1; otherwise, let T be To_Index (Before). Insert_Space (Container, T, Count) is called, and then Position is set to To_Cursor (Container, T). procedure Set_Length (Container : in out Vector; Length : in Count_Type); If Length is larger than the capacity of Container, Set_Length calls Reserve_Capacity (Container, Length), then sets the length of the Container to Length. If Length is greater than the original length of Container, empty elements are added to Container; otherwise elements are are removed from Container. AARM Ramification: No elements are moved by this operation; any new empty elements are added at the end. This follows from the rules that a cursor continues to designate the same element unless the the routine is defined to make the cursor ambiguous or invalid; this operation does not do that. procedure Delete (Container : in out Vector; Index : in Extended_Index; Count : in Count_Type := 1); If Index is not in the range First_Index (Container) .. Last_Index (Container), then Constraint_Error is propagated. If Count is 0, Delete has no effect. Otherwise Delete slides the elements (if any) starting at position Index + Count down to Index. Any exception raised during element assignment is propagated. AARM Note: If Index + Count >= Last_Index(Container), this effectively truncates the vector (setting Last_Index to Index - 1 and consequently sets Length to Index - Index_Type'First). procedure Delete (Container : in out Vector; Position : in out Cursor; Count : in Count_Type := 1); If Position equals No_Element, then Constraint_Error is propagated. If Position does not designate an element in Container, then Program_Error is propagated. Otherwise, Delete (Container, To_Index (Position), Count) is called. procedure Delete_First (Container : in out Vector; Count : in Count_Type := 1); Equivalent to Delete (Container, Index_Type'First, Count). procedure Delete_Last (Container : in out Vector; Count : in Count_Type := 1); If Length (Container) <= Count then Delete_Last is equivalent to Clear (Container). Otherwise it is equivalent to Delete (Container, Index_Type'Val(Index_Type'Pos(Last_Index(Container)) - Count + 1), Count). function First_Index (Container : Vector) return Index_Type; Returns the value Index_Type'First. AARM Note: We'd rather call this "First", but then calling most routines in here with First (Some_Vect) would be ambiguous. function First (Container : Vector) return Cursor; If Container is empty, First returns No_Element. Otherwise, it returns a cursor that designates the first element in Container. function First_Element (Container : Vector) return Element_Type; Equivalent to Element (Container, First_Index (Container)). function Last_Index (Container : Vector) return Extended_Index; If Container is empty, Last_Index returns No_Index. Otherwise, it returns the position of the last element in Container. function Last (Container : Vector) return Cursor; If Container is empty, Last returns No_Element. Otherwise, it returns a cursor that designates the last element in Container. function Last_Element (Container : Vector) return Element_Type; Equivalent to Element (Container, Last_Index (Container)). procedure Swap (Container : in Vector; I, J : in Index_Type); If I or J is not in the range First_Index (Container) .. Last_Index (Container), then Constraint_Error is propagated. Otherwise, Swap exchanges the values of the elements at positions I and J. AARM Notes: To Be Honest: The implementation is not required to actually copy the elements if it can do the swap some other way. But it is allowed to copy the elements if needed. procedure Swap (I, J : in Cursor); If either I or J is No_Element, then Constraint_Error is propagated. If I and J designate elements in different containers, then Program_Error is propagated. Otherwise Swap exchanges the values of the elements designated by I and J. AARM Notes: After a call to Swap, I designates the element value previously designated by J, and J designates the element value previously designated by I. The cursors do not become ambiguous from this operation. To Be Honest: The implementation is not required to actually copy the elements if it can do the swap some other way. But it is allowed to copy the elements if needed. End AARM Notes. generic with function "<" (Left, Right : Element_Type) return Boolean is <>; procedure Generic_Sort (Container : in Vector); Reorders the elements of Container such that the elements are sorted smallest first as determined by the generic formal "<" operator provided. Any exception raised during evalution of "<" is propagated. AARM Notes: This implies swapping the elements, usually including an intermediate copy. This means that the elements will usually be copied. (As with Swap, if the implementation can do this some other way, it is allowed to.) Since the elements are non-limited, this usually will not be a problem. Note that there is Implementation Advice below that the implementation should use a sort that minimizes copying of elements. The sort is not required to be stable (and the fast algorithm required will not be stable). If a stable sort is needed, the user can include the original location of the element as an extra "sort key". We considered requiring the implementation to do that, but it is mostly extra overhead -- usually there is something already in the element that provides the needed stability. End AARM Notes function Find_Index (Container : Vector; Item : Element_Type; Index : Index_Type := Index_Type'First) return Extended_Index; Searches the elements of Container for an element equal to Item (in the sense of the generic formal equality operator). The search starts at position Index and proceeds towards Last_Index (Container). If no equal element is found, then Find_Index returns No_Index. Otherwise, it returns the index of the first equal element encountered. function Find (Container : Vector; Item : Element_Type; Position : Cursor := No_Element) return Cursor; If Position is not No_Element, and does not designate an element in Container, then Program_Error is propagated. Otherwise Find searches the elements of Container for an element equal to Item (in the sense of the generic formal equality operator). The search starts at the first element if Cursor equals No_Element, and at the element designated by Cursor otherwise. It proceeds towards the last element of Container. If no equal element is found, then Find returns No_Cursor. Otherwise, it returns a cursor designating the first equal element encountered. function Reverse_Find_Index (Container : Vector; Item : Element_Type; Index : Index_Type := Index_Type'Last) return Extended_Index; Searches the elements of Container for an element equal to Item (in the sense of the generic formal equality operator). The search starts at position Index or, if Index is greater than Last_Index (Container), at position Last_Index (Container). It proceeds towards First_Index (Container). If no equal element is found, then Reverse_Find_Index returns No_Index. Otherwise, it returns the index of the first equal element encountered. function Reverse_Find (Container : Vector; Item : Element_Type; Position : Cursor := No_Element) return Cursor; If Position is not No_Element, and does not designate an element in Container, then Program_Error is propagated. Otherwise Reverse_Find searches the elements of Container for an element equal to Item (in the sense of the generic formal equality operator). The search starts at the last element if Cursor equals No_Element, and at the element designated by Cursor otherwise. It proceeds towards the first element of Container. If no equal element is found, then Reverse_Find returns No_Cursor. Otherwise, it returns a cursor designating the first equal element encountered. function Contains (Container : Vector; Item : Element_Type) return Boolean; Equivalent to Has_Element (Find (Container, Item)). function Next (Position : Cursor) return Cursor; If Position equals No_Element or designates the last element of the container, then Next returns the value No_Element. Otherwise, returns a cursor that designates the element with index To_Index (Position) + 1 in the same vector as Position. function Previous (Position : Cursor) return Cursor; If Position equals No_Element or designates the first element of the container, then Previous returns the value No_Element. Otherwise, returns a cursor that designates the element with index (To_Index (Position) - 1) in the same vector as Position. procedure Next (Position : in out Cursor); Equivalent to Position := Next (Position). procedure Previous (Position : in out Cursor); Equivalent to Position := Previous (Position). function Has_Element (Position : Cursor) return Boolean; Returns True if Position designates an element, and returns False otherwise. AARM Note: To Be Honest: This function may not detect cursors that designate deleted elements; such cursors are invalid (see below) and any use of them (including in this routine) is erroneous. procedure Iterate (Container : in Vector; Process : not null access procedure (Position : in Cursor)); Invokes Process.all with a cursor that designates each element in Container, in index order. Program_Error is propagated if Process.all tampers with the cursors of Container. Any exception raised by Process is propagated. AARM Note: The purpose of the tamper with cursors check is to prevent erroneous execution from the Position parameter of Process.all becoming invalid. This check takes place when the operations that tamper with the cursors of the container are called. The check cannot be made later (say in the body of Iterate), because that could cause the Position cursor to be invalid and potentially cause execution to become erroneous -- defeating the purpose of the check. There is no check needed if an attempt is made to insert or delete nothing (that is, Count = 0 or Length(Item) = 0). The check is easy to implement: each container needs a counter. The counter is incremented when Iterate is called, and decremented when Iterate completes. If the counter is nonzero when an operation that inserts or deletes is called, Finalize is called, or one of the other operations in the list occurs, Program_Error is raised. Swap and Generic_Sort are not included here, as they only copy elements. End AARM Notes. procedure Reverse_Iterate (Container : in Vector; Process : not null access procedure (Position : in Cursor)); Iterates over the nodes in Container as per Iterate, except that elements are traversed in reverse index order. Legality Rules An instantiation of Containers.Vectors shall be at the library level. AARM Note A implementation will typically need to use controlled types to insure that the Implementation Requirements are met. These would require all instantiations to occur at the library level. We certainly do not want to require magic for nested container instantiations, while not giving similar capabilities to users. We've made this a legality rule to enhance portability. This rule will be dropped if AI-344 or some other solution to nested controlled types is adopted. Bounded (Run-Time) Errors Reading the value of an empty element by calling Element, Query_Element, Update_Element, Generic_Sort, "=", Find, or Reverse_Find is a bounded error. The implementation may treat the element as having any valid value of the element type, or raise Constraint_Error or Program_Error before modifying the vector. AARM Notes: For instance, a default initialized element could be returned. Or some previous value of an element. But returning random junk is not allowed if the type has default initial value(s). Assignment and streaming of empty elements are NOT bounded errors. This is consistent with regular composite types, for which assignment and streaming of uninitialized components do not cause a bounded error, but reading the uninitialized component does cause a bounded error. There are other operations which are defined in terms of the operations listed above. End AARM Notes. A Cursor value is *ambiguous* if any of the following have occurred since it was created: * Insert, Insert_Space, or Delete has been called on the vector that contains the element the cursor designates with an index value (or a cursor designating an element at such an index value) less than or equal to the index value of the element designated by the cursor; * The vector that contains the element it designates has been passed to an instance of Generic_Sort. It is a bounded error to call any subprogram other than "=" or Has_Element declared in Containers.Vectors with an ambiguous (but not invalid, see below) cursor parameter. Possible results are: * The cursor may be treated as if it was No_Element; * The cursor may designate some element in the vector (but not necessarily the element that it originally designated); * Constraint_Error may be raised; or * Program_Error may be raised. AARM Note: Cursors are made ambiguous if an Insert or Delete occurs that moves the elements in the internal array including the designated ones. After such an operation, the cursor probably still designates an element (although it might not after a deletion), but it is a *different* element. That violates the definition of cursor -- it designates a particular element. For "=" or Has_Element, the cursor works normally (it would not be No_Element). We don't want to trigger an exception simply for comparing a bad cursor. While it is possible to check for or prevent these cases, in many cases the overhead necessary to make the check (or prevent the problems) is substantial in time or space. End AARM Notes. Erroneous Execution A Cursor value is *invalid* if any of the following have occurred since it was created: * The vector that contains the element it designates has been finalized; * The vector that contains the element it designates has been used as the Source or Target of a call to Move; * The element it designates has been deleted. The result of "=" or Has_Element is unspecified if it is called with an invalid cursor parameter. Execution is erroneous if any other subprogram declared in Containers.Vectors is called with an invalid cursor parameter. AARM Notes: The list above (combined with the bounded error cases) is intended to be exhaustive. In other cases, a cursor value continues to designate its original element. For instance, cursor values survive the appending of new elements. End AARM Notes. Implementation Requirements No storage associated with a vector object shall be lost upon assignment or scope exit. Implementation Advice Containers.Vectors should be implemented similarly to an array. In particular, if the length of a vector is *N*, then * the worst-case time complexity of Append with Count=1 and Element should be O(log N); * the worst-case time complexity of Prepend with Count=1 or Delete_First with Count=1 of the vector should be O(N log N). AARM Note We do not mean to overly constrain implementation strategies here. However, it is important for portability that the performance of large containers has roughly the same factors on different implementations. If a program is moved to an implementation that takes O(N) time to access elements, that program could be unusable when the vectors are large. We allow O(log N) access because the proportionality constant and caching effects are likely to be larger than the log factor, and we don't want to discourage innovative implementations. The worst-case time complexity of a call on an instantiation of Containers.Vectors.Generic_Sort should be O(N**2), and the average time complexity should be better than O(N**2). AARM Note In other words, we're requiring the use of a better than O(N**2) sorting algorithm, such as Quicksort. No Bubble sorts allowed! Containers.Vectors.Generic_Sort should minimize copying of elements. AARM Note - To Be Honest We do not mean "absolutely minimize" here; we're not intending to require a single copy for each element. Rather, we want to suggest that the sorting algorithm chosen is one that does not copy items unnecessarily. Bubble sort would not meet this advice, for instance. Move should not copy elements, and should minimize copying of internal data structures. AARM Note: Usually that can be accomplishing simply by moving the pointer(s) to the internal data structures from the Source vector to the Target vector. NOTE: All elements of a vector occupy locations in the internal array. If a sparse container is required, a Hashed_Map should be used rather than a vector. If Index_Type'Base'First = Index_Type'First an instantiation of Ada.Containers.Vectors will raise Constraint_Error. A value below Index_Type'First is required so that an empty vector has a meaningful value of Last_Index. AARM Note: This property is the main reason why only integer types (as opposed to any discrete type) are allowed as the index type of a vector. An enumeration or modular type would require a subtype in order to meet this requirement. A.18.3 The Package Containers.Doubly_Linked_Lists The language-defined generic package Containers.Doubly_Linked_Lists provides private types List and Cursor, and a set of operations for each type. A list container is optimized for insertion and deletion at any position. A doubly-linked list container object manages a linked list of internal *nodes*, each of which contains an element and pointers to the next (successor) and previous (predecessor) internal nodes. A cursor designates a particular node within a list (and by extension the element contained in that node). A cursor keeps designating the same node (and element) as long as the node is part of the container, even if the node is moved in the container. The *length* of a list is the number of elements it contains. Static Semantics The generic library package Containers.Doubly_Linked_Lists has the following declaration: generic type Element_Type is private; with function "=" (Left, Right : Element_Type) return Boolean is <>; package Ada.Containers.Doubly_Linked_Lists is pragma Preelaborate (Doubly_Linked_Lists); type List is tagged private; type Cursor is private; Empty_List : constant List; No_Element : constant Cursor; function "=" (Left, Right : List) return Boolean; function Length (Container : List) return Natural; function Is_Empty (Container : List) return Boolean; procedure Clear (Container : in out List); function Element (Position : Cursor) return Element_Type; procedure Query_Element (Position : in Cursor; Process : not null access procedure (Element : in Element_Type)); procedure Update_Element (Position : in Cursor; Process : not null access procedure (Element : in out Element_Type)); procedure Replace_Element (Position : in Cursor; By : in Element_Type); procedure Move (Target : in out List; Source : in out List); procedure Prepend (Container : in out List; New_Item : in Element_Type; Count : in Count_Type := 1); procedure Append (Container : in out List; New_Item : in Element_Type; Count : in Count_Type := 1); procedure Insert (Container : in out List; Before : in Cursor; New_Item : in Element_Type; Count : in Count_Type := 1); procedure Insert (Container : in out List; Before : in Cursor; New_Item : in Element_Type; Position : out Cursor; Count : in Count_Type := 1); procedure Insert (Container : in out List; Before : in Cursor; Position : out Cursor; Count : in Count_Type := 1); procedure Delete (Container : in out List; Position : in out Cursor; Count : in Count_Type := 1); procedure Delete_First (Container : in out List; Count : in Count_Type := 1); procedure Delete_Last (Container : in out List; Count : in Count_Type := 1); generic with function "<" (Left, Right : Element_Type) return Boolean is <>; procedure Generic_Sort (Container : in out List); generic with function "<" (Left, Right : Element_Type) return Boolean is <>; procedure Generic_Merge (Target : in out List; Source : in out List); procedure Reverse_List (Container : in out List); procedure Swap (I, J : in Cursor); procedure Swap_Links (Container : in out List; I, J : in Cursor); procedure Splice (Target : in out List; Before : in Cursor; Source : in out List); procedure Splice (Target : in out List; Before : in Cursor; Position : in Cursor); procedure Splice (Target : in out List; Before : in Cursor; Source : in out List; Position : in Cursor); function First (Container : List) return Cursor; function First_Element (Container : List) return Element_Type; function Last (Container : List) return Cursor; function Last_Element (Container : List) return Element_Type; function Contains (Container : List; Item : Element_Type) return Boolean; function Find (Container : List; Item : Element_Type; Position : Cursor := No_Element) return Cursor; function Reverse_Find (Container : List; Item : Element_Type; Position : Cursor := No_Element) return Cursor; function Next (Position : Cursor) return Cursor; function Previous (Position : Cursor) return Cursor; procedure Next (Position : in out Cursor); procedure Previous (Position : in out Cursor); function Has_Element (Position : Cursor) return Boolean; procedure Iterate (Container : in List; Process : not null access procedure (Position : in Cursor)); procedure Reverse_Iterate (Container : in List; Process : not null access procedure (Position : in Cursor)); private ... -- not specified by the language end Ada.Containers.Doubly_Linked_Lists; The type List is used to represent lists. The type List needs finalization (see 7.6). Empty_List represents the empty List object. It has a length of 0. If an object of type List is not otherwise initialized, it is initialized to the same value as Empty_List. No_Element represents a cursor that designates no element. If an object of type Cursor is not otherwise initialized, it is initialized to the same value as No_Element. Some operations are assumed to work on a constant set of elements. For such an operation, a subprogram is said to *tamper with cursors* of a list object L if: * it inserts or deletes elements of L, that is, it calls the Insert, Clear, Delete, or Delete_Last procedures with L as a parameter; or AARM To Be Honest: Operations which are defined to be equivalent to a call on one of these operations also are included. Similarly, operations which call one of these as part of their definition are included. * it reorders the elements of L, that is, it calls the Splice, Swap_Links, or Reverse_List procedures or an instance of Generic_Sort or Generic_Merge with C as a parameter; or * it finalizes L; or * it calls the Move procedure with L as a parameter. Some operations are assumed to not change elements. For such an operation, a subprogram is said to *tamper with elements* of a list object L if: * it tampers with cursors of L; or * it modifies one or more elements of L, that is, it calls the Replace_Element, Update_Element, or Swap procedures with L as a parameter. AARM Note: Swap copies elements rather than reordering them, so it can be allowed for Iterate. function "=" (Left, Right : List) return Boolean; If Left and Right denote the same list object, then the function returns True. If Left and Right have different lengths, then the function returns False. Otherwise, it compares each element in Left to the corresponding element in Right using the generic formal equality operator; if element equality returns False, then the function returns False. If the function has not returned a result after checking all of the elements, it returns True. Any exception raised during evaluation of element equality is propagated. function Length (Container : List) return Count_Type; Returns the number of elements in Container. function Is_Empty (Container : List) return Boolean; Equivalent to Length (Container) = 0. procedure Clear (Container : in out List); Removes all the elements from Container. function Element (Position : Cursor) return Element_Type; If Position equals No_Element, then Constraint_Error is propagated. Otherwise, Element returns the element designated by Position. procedure Query_Element (Position : in Cursor; Process : not null access procedure (Element : in Element_Type)); If Position equals No_Element, then Constraint_Error is propagated. Otherwise, Query_Element calls Process.all with the element on node designated by Position as the argument. Program_Error is propagated if Process.all tampers with the elements of Container. Any exception raised by Process.all is propagated. procedure Update_Element (Position : in Cursor; Process : not null access procedure (Element : in out Element_Type)); If Position equals No_Element, then Constraint_Error is propagated. Otherwise, Update_Element calls Process.all with the element on node designated by Position as the argument. Program_Error is propagated if Process.all tampers with the elements of Container. Any exceptions raised by Process.all are propagated. If Element_Type is unconstrained and definite, then the Element parameter of Process.all shall be unconstrained. AARM Note: This means that the elements cannot be directly allocated from the heap (nor aliased unless AI-363 is included in the Amendment); it must be possible to change the discriminants of the element in place. procedure Replace_Element (Position : Cursor; By : Element_Type); If Position equals No_Element, then Constraint_Error is propagated. Otherwise Replace_Element assigns the value By to the element designated by Position. procedure Move (Target : in out List; Source : in out List); If Target denotes the same object as Source, then Move has no effect. Otherwise, Move first calls Clear (Target). Then, the nodes in Source are moved to Target (in the original order). The length of Target is set to the length of Source, and the length of Source is set to 0. procedure Prepend (Container : in out List; New_Item : in Element_Type; Count : in Count_Type := 1); Equivalent to Insert (Container, First (Container), New_Item, Count). procedure Append (Container : in out List; New_Item : in Element_Type; Count : in Count_Type := 1); Equivalent to Insert (Container, No_Element, New_Item, Count). procedure Insert (Container : in out List; Before : in Cursor; New_Item : in Element_Type; Count : in Count_Type := 1); Program_Error is propagated unless Before is equal to No_Element or designated an element in Container. Otherwise, Insert inserts Count copies of New_Item prior to the element designated by Before. If Before equals No_Element, the new elements are inserted after the last node (if any). Any exception raised during allocation of internal storage is propagated, and Container is not modified. AARM Note: The check on Before checks that the cursor does not belong to some other Container. This check implies that a reference to the container is included in the cursor value. This wording is not meant to require detection of dangling cursors; such cursors are defined to be invalid, which means that execution is erroneous, and any result is allowed (including not raising an exception). procedure Insert (Container : in out List; Before : in Cursor; New_Item : in Element_Type; Position : out Cursor; Count : in Count_Type := 1); Program_Error is propagated unless Before is equal to No_Element or designated an element in Container. Otherwise, Insert allocates Count copies of New_Item, and inserts them prior to the element designated by Before. If Before equals No_Element, the new elements are inserted after the last element (if any). Position designates the first newly-inserted element. Any exception raised during allocation of internal storage is propagated, and Container is not modified. procedure Insert (Container : in out List; Before : in Cursor; Position : out Cursor; Count : in Count_Type := 1); Program_Error is propagated unless Before is equal to No_Element or designated an element in Container. Otherwise, Insert inserts Count new elements prior to the element designated by Before. If Before equals No_Element, the new elements are inserted after the last node (if any). The new elements are initialized with any implicit initial value for any part (as for an object_declaration with no initialization expression - see 3.3.1). Any exception raised during allocation of internal storage is propagated, and Container is not modified. procedure Delete (Container : in out List; Position : in out Cursor; Count : in Count_Type := 1); If Position equals No_Element, then Constraint_Error is propagated. If Position does not designate an element in Container, then Program_Error is propagated. Otherwise Delete removes (from Container) Count elements starting at the element designated by Position (or all of the elements if there are less than Count elements starting at Position). procedure Delete_First (Container : in out List; Count : in Count_Type := 1); Equivalent to Delete (Container, First (Container), Count). procedure Delete_Last (Container : in out List; Count : in Count_Type := 1); If Length (Container) <= Count then Delete_Last is equivalent to Clear (Container). Otherwise it removes the last Count nodes from Container. generic with function "<" (Left, Right : Element_Type) return Boolean is <>; procedure Generic_Sort (Container : in out List); Reorders the nodes of Container such that the elements are sorted smallest first as determined by the generic formal "<" operator provided. The sort must be stable. Any exception raised during evaluation of "<" is propagated. AARM Notes Unlike array sorts, we do require stable sorts here. That's because algorithms in the merge sort family (as described by Knuth) can be both fast and stable. Such sorts use the extra memory as offered by the links to provide better performance. Note that list sorts never copy elements; it is the nodes, not the elements, that are reordered. End AARM Notes generic with function "<" (Left, Right : Element_Type) return Boolean is <>; procedure Generic_Merge (Target : in out List; Source : in out List); Generic_Merge removes elements from Source and inserts them into Target so that Target be sorted smallest first as determined by the generic formal "<" operator. Any exception raised during evaluation of "<" is propagated. If Target and Source are not sorted smallest first, then Program_Error is propagated. In these cases, Target is left in an unspecified order, but contains the union of the elements that were initially in Source and Target; Source is left empty. AARM Note: If Program_Error is propagated by Generic_Merge because one of the lists was unsorted, it is possible to recover by sorting Target. If Source and Target designate the same object, Generic_Merge is essentially a no-op, but it still has to check that the list is sorted. procedure Reverse_List (Container : in out List); Reorders the elements of Container in reverse order. procedure Swap (I, J : in Cursor); If either I or J is No_Element, then Constraint_Error is propagated. If I and J designate elements in different containers, then Program_Error is propagated. Otherwise Swap exchanges the values of the elements designated by I and J. AARM Notes: After a call to Swap, I designates the element value previously designated by J, and J designates the element value previously designated by I. The cursors do not become ambiguous from this operation. AARM Notes: To Be Honest: The implementation is not required to actually copy the elements if it can do the swap some other way. But it is allowed to copy the elements if needed. procedure Swap_Links (Container : in out List; I, J : in Cursor); If either I or J is No_Element, then Constraint_Error is propagated. If I or J do not designate an element in Container, then Program_Error is propagated. Otherwise, Swap_Links exchanges the nodes designated by I and J. AARM Note: Unlike Swap, this exchanges the nodes, not the elements. No copying is performed. I and J designate the same elements after this call as they did before it. This operation can provide better performance than Swap if the element size is large. procedure Splice (Target : in out List; Before : in Cursor; Source : in out List); Program_Error is propagated unless Before is equal to No_Element or designated an element in Target. Otherwise, if Source denotes the same object as Target, the operation has no effect. Otherwise, Splice reorders elements such that they are removed from Source and moved to Target, immediately prior to Before. If Before equals No_Element, the nodes of Source are spliced after the last node of Target. The length of Target is incremented by the number of nodes in Source, and the length of Source is set to 0. procedure Splice (Target : in out List; Before : in Cursor; Position : in Cursor); If either of Before or Position is not No_Element, and does not designate an element in Target, then Program_Error is propagated. If Position equals No_Element, or if Position equals Before, or if the successor of Position equals Before, the operation has no effect. Otherwise the element designated by Position is moved immediately prior to Before, or, if Before equals No_Element, after the last element. procedure Splice (Target : in out List; Before : in Cursor; Source : in out List; Position : in Cursor); If Position is No_Element then Constraint_Error is propagated. If Before does not equal No_Element, and does not designate an element in Target, then Program_Error is propagated. If Position does not equal No_Element, and does not designate a node in Source, then Program_Error is propagated. If Source denotes the same object as Target, then Splice is equivalent to Splice (Target, Before, Position). Otherwise the element designated by Position is removed from Source and moved to Target, immediately prior to Before, or, if Before equals No_Element, after the last element of Target. The length of Target is incremented, and the length of Source is decremented. function First (Container : List) return Cursor; If Container is empty, First returns the value No_Element. Otherwise it returns a cursor that designates the first node in Container. function First_Element (Container : List) return Element_Type; Equivalent to Element (First (Container)). function Last (Container : List) return Cursor; If Container is empty, Last returns the value No_Element. Otherwise it returns a cursor that designates the last node in Container. function Last_Element (Container : List) return Element_Type; Equivalent to Element (Last (Container)). function Contains (Container : List; Item : Element_Type) return Boolean; Equivalent to Find (Container, Item) /= No_Element. function Find (Container : List; Item : Element_Type; Position : Cursor := No_Element) return Cursor; If Position is not No_Element, and does not designate an element in Container, then Program_Error is propagated. Find searches the elements of Container for an element equal to Item (in the sense of the generic formal equality operator). The search starts at the element designated by Position, or at the first element if Position equals No_Element. It proceeds towards Last (Container). If no equal element is found, then Find returns No_Element. Otherwise, it returns a cursor designating the first equal element encountered. function Reverse_Find (Container : List; Item : Element_Type; Position : Cursor := No_Element) return Cursor; If Position is not No_Element, and does not designate an element in Container, then Program_Error is propagated. Find searches the elements of Container for an element equal to Item (in the sense of the generic formal equality operator). The search starts at the element designated by Position, or at the lastelement if Position equals No_Element. It proceeds towards First (Container). If no equal element is found, then Reverse_Find returns No_Element. Otherwise, it returns a cursor designating the first equal element encountered. function Next (Position : Cursor) return Cursor; If Position equals No_Element or designates the last element of the container, then Next returns the value No_Element. Otherwise, it returns a cursor that designates the successor of the element designated by Position. function Previous (Position : Cursor) return Cursor; If Position equals No_Element or designates the first element of the container, then Previous returns the value No_Element. Otherwise, it returns a cursor that designates the predecessor of the element designated by Position. procedure Next (Position : in out Cursor); Equivalent to Position := Next (Position). procedure Previous (Position : in out Cursor); Equivalent to Position := Previous (Position). function Has_Element (Position : Cursor) return Boolean; Returns True if Position designates an element, and returns False otherwise. AARM Note: To Be Honest: This function may not detect cursors that designate deleted elements; such cursors are invalid (see below) and any use of them (including in this routine) is erroneous. procedure Iterate (Container : in List; Process : not null access procedure (Position : in Cursor)); Iterate calls Process.all with a cursor that designates each node in Container, starting with the first node and moving the cursor as per the Next function. Program_Error is propagated if Process.all tampers with the cursors of Container. Any exception raised by Process.all is propagated. AARM Note: The purpose of the tamper with cursors check is to prevent erroneous execution from the Position parameter of Process.all becoming invalid. This check takes place when the operations that tamper with the cursors of the container are called. The check cannot be made later (say in the body of Iterate), because that could cause the Position cursor to be invalid and potentially cause execution to become erroneous -- defeating the purpose of the check. See Iterate for vectors for a suggested implementation of the check. End AARM Notes. procedure Reverse_Iterate (Container : in List; Process : not null access procedure (Position : in Cursor)); Iterates over the nodes in Container as per Iterate, except that elements are traversed in reverse order, starting with the last node and moving the cursor as per the Previous function. Erroneous Execution A Cursor value is *invalid* if any of the following have occurred since it was created: * The list that contains the element it designates has been finalized; * The list that contains the element it designates has been used as the Source or Target of a call to Move; * The element it designates has been deleted. The result of "=" or Has_Element is unspecified if it is called with an invalid cursor parameter. Execution is erroneous if any other subprogram declared in Containers.Doubly_Linked_Lists is called with an invalid cursor parameter. AARM Notes: The list above is intended to be exhaustive. In other cases, a cursor value continues to designate its original element. For instance, cursor values survive the insertion and deletion of other nodes. While it is possible to check for these cases, in many cases the overhead necessary to make the check is substantial in time or space. Implementations are encouraged to check for as many of these cases as possible and raise Program_Error if detected. End AARM Notes. Implementation Requirements No storage associated with a doubly-linked List object shall be lost upon assignment or scope exit. Implementation Advice Containers.Doubly_Linked_Lists should be implemented similarly to a linked list. In particular, if *N* is the length of a list, then the worst-case time complexity of Element, Insert with Count=1, and Delete with Count=1 should be O(log N). AARM Note We do not mean to overly constrain implementation strategies here. However, it is important for portability that the performance of large containers has roughly the same factors on different implementations. If a program is moved to an implementation that takes O(N) time to access elements, that program could be unusable when the lists are large. We allow O(log N) access because the proportionality constant and caching effects are likely to be larger than the log factor, and we don't want to discourage innovative implementations. The worst-case time complexity of a call on an instantiation of Containers.Doubly_Linked_Lists.Generic_Sort should be O(N**2), and the average time complexity should be better than O(N**2). AARM Note In other words, we're requiring the use of a better than O(N**2) sorting algorithm, such as Quicksort. No Bubble sorts allowed! Move should not copy elements, and should minimize copying of internal data structures. AARM Note: Usually that can be accomplishing simply by moving the pointer(s) to the internal data structures from the Source container to the Target container. NOTE Sorting a list never copies elements, and is a stable sort (equal elements remain in the original order). This is different than sorting an array or vector, which may need to copy elements, and is probably not a stable sort. A.18.4 Maps The language-defined generic packages Containers.Hashed_Maps and Containers.Ordered_Maps provide private types Map and Cursor, and a set of operations for each type. A map container allows an arbitrary type to be used as a key to find the element associated with that key. A hashed map uses a hash function to organize the keys, while an ordered map orders the keys per a specified relation. This section describes the declarations that are common to both kinds of maps. See A.18.5 for a description of the semantics specific to Containers.Hashed_Maps and A.18.6 for a description of the semantics specific to Containers.Ordered_Maps. Static Semantics The type Map is used to represent maps. The type Map needs finalization (see 7.6). A map contains pairs of keys and elements, called *nodes*. Map cursors designate nodes, but also can be thought of as designating an element (the element contained in the node) for consistency with the other containers. There exists an equivalence relation on keys, whose definition is different for hashed maps and ordered maps. A map never contains two or more nodes with equivalent keys. The *length* of a map is the number of nodes it contains. Each nonempty map has two particular nodes called the *first node* and the *last node* (which may be the same). Each node except for the last node has a *successor node*. If there are no other intervening operations, starting with the first node and repeatedly going to the successor node will visit each node in the map exactly once until the last node is reached. The exact definition of these terms is different for hashed maps and ordered maps. Some operations are assumed to work on a constant set of elements. For such an operation, a subprogram is said to *tamper with cursors* of a map object M if: * it inserts or deletes elements of M, that is, it calls the Insert, Include, Clear, Delete, or Exclude procedures with M as a parameter; or AARM To Be Honest: Operations which are defined to be equivalent to a call on one of these operations also are included. Similarly, operations which call one of these as part of their definition are included. * it finalizes M; or * it calls the Move procedure with M as a parameter; or * it calls one of the operations defined to tamper with the cursors of M. Some operations are assumed to not change elements. For such an operation, a subprogram is said to *tamper with elements* of a map object M if: * it tampers with cursors of M; or * it modifies one or more elements of M, that is, it calls the Replace, Replace_Element, or Update_Element procedures with M as a parameter. AARM Note: Replace only modifies a key and element rather than rehashing, so it can be allowed for Iterate. Empty_Map represents the empty Map object. It has a length of 0. If an object of type Map is not otherwise initialized, it is initialized to the same value as Empty_Map. No_Element represents a cursor that designates no node. If an object of type Cursor is not otherwise initialized, it is initialized to the same value as No_Element. function "=" (Left, Right : Map) return Boolean; If Left and Right denote the same map object, then the function returns True. If Left and Right have different lengths, then the function returns False. Otherwise, for each key K in Left, the function returns False if: * a key equivalent to K is not present in Right; or * the element associated with K in Left is not equal to the element associated with K in Right (using the generic formal equality operator for elements). If the function has not returned a result after checking all of the keys, it returns True. Any exception raised during evaluation of key equivalence or element equality is propagated. function Length (Container : Map) return Count_Type; Returns the number of nodes in Container. function Is_Empty (Container : Map) return Boolean; Equivalent to Length (Container) = 0. procedure Clear (Container : in out Map); Removes all the nodes from Container. function Key (Position : Cursor) return Key_Type; If Position equals No_Element, then Constraint_Error is propagated. Otherwise, Key returns the key component of the node designated by Position. function Element (Position : Cursor) return Element_Type; If Position equals No_Element, then Constraint_Error is propagated. Otherwise, Element returns the element component of the node designated by Position. procedure Query_Element (Position : in Cursor; Process : not null access procedure (Key : in Key_Type; Element : in Element_Type)); If Position equals No_Element, then Constraint_Error is propagated. Otherwise, Query_Element calls Process.all with the key and element from the node designated by Position as the arguments. Program_Error is propagated if Process.all tampers with the elements of Container. Any exceptions raised by Process.all are propagated. procedure Update_Element (Position : in Cursor; Process : not null access procedure (Key : in Key_Type; Element : in out Element_Type)); If Position equals No_Element, then Constraint_Error is propagated. Otherwise, Update_Element calls Process.all with the key and element from the node designated by Position as the arguments. Program_Error is propagated if Process.all tampers with the elements of Container. Any exceptions raised by Process.all are propagated. If Element_Type is unconstrained and definite, then the Element parameter of Process.all shall be unconstrained. AARM Note: This means that the elements cannot be directly allocated from the heap (nor aliased unless AI-363 is included in the Amendment); it must be possible to change the discriminants of the element in place. procedure Replace_Element (Position : in Cursor; By : in Element_Type); If Position equals No_Element, then Constraint_Error is propagated. Otherwise Replace_Element assigns By to the element of the node designated by Position. procedure Move (Target : in out Map; Source : in out Map); If Target denotes the same object as Source, then Move has no effect. Otherwise, Move first calls Clear (Target). Then, each node from Source is removed from Source and inserted into Target. The length of Source is 0 after a successful call to Move. procedure Insert (Container : in out Map; Key : in Key_Type; New_Item : in Element_Type; Position : out Cursor; Inserted : out Boolean); Insert checks if a node with a key equivalent to Key is already present in Container. If a match is found, Inserted is set to False and Position designates the element with the matching key. Otherwise, Insert allocates a new node, initializes it to Key and New_Item, and adds it to Container; Inserted is set to True and Position designates the newly-inserted node. Any exception raised during allocation is propagated and Container is not modified. procedure Insert (Container : in out Map; Key : in Key_Type; Position : out Cursor; Inserted : out Boolean); Insert inserts Key into Container as per the five-parameter Insert, with the difference that an element initialized with any implicit initial values for any part (as for an object_declaration with no initialization expression - see 3.3.1) is inserted. procedure Insert (Container : in out Map; Key : in Key_Type; New_Item : in Element_Type); Insert inserts Key and New_Item into Container as per the five-parameter Insert, with the difference that if a node with a key equivalent to Key is already in the map, then Constraint_Error is propagated. AARM Note: This is equivalent to: declare Inserted : Boolean; C : Cursor; begin Insert (Container, Key, New_Item, C, Inserted); if not Inserted then raise Constraint_Error; end if; end; but doesn't require the hassle of out parameters. procedure Include (Container : in out Map; Key : in Key_Type; New_Item : in Element_Type); Include inserts Key and New_Item into Container as per the five-parameter Insert, with the difference that if a node with a key equivalent to Key is already in the map, then this operation assigns Key and New_Item to the matching node. Any exception raised during assignment is propagated. AARM Note: This is equivalent to: declare C : Cursor := Find (Container, Key); begin if C = No_Element then Insert (Container, Key, New_Item); else Replace (Container, Key, New_Item); end if; end; but this avoids doing the search twice. procedure Replace (Container : in out Map; Key : in Key_Type; New_Item : in Element_Type); Replace checks if a node with a key equivalent to Key is present in Container. If a match is found, Replace assigns Key and New_Item to the matching node; otherwise, Constraint_Error is propagated. AARM Note: We update the key as well as the element, as the key might include additional information that does not participate in equivalence. If only the element needs to be updated, use Replace_Element (Find (Container, Key), New_Element). procedure Delete (Container : in out Map; Key : in Key_Type); Delete checks if a node with a key equivalent to Key is present in Container. If a match is found, Delete removes the node from the map; otherwise, Constraint_Error is propagated. procedure Delete (Container : in out Map; Position : in out Cursor); If Position equals No_Element, then Constraint_Error is propagated. If Position does not designate an element in Container, then Program_Error is propagated. Otherwise, Delete removes the node designated by Position from the map. Position is set to No_Element on return. AARM Note: The check on Position checks that the cursor does not belong to some other map. This check implies that a reference to the map is included in the cursor value. This wording is not meant to require detection of dangling cursors; such cursors are defined to be invalid, which means that execution is erroneous, and any result is allowed (including not raising an exception). procedure Exclude (Container : in out Map; Key : in Key_Type); Exclude checks if a node with a key equivalent to Key is present in Container. If a match is found, Exclude removes the node from the map and then deallocates the node. function Contains (Container : Map; Key : Key_Type) return Boolean; Equivalent to Find (Container, Key) /= No_Element. function Find (Container : Map; Key : Key_Type) return Cursor; If Length (Container) equals 0, then Find returns No_Element. Otherwise, Find checks if a node with a key equivalent to Key is present in Container. If a match is found, a cursor designating the matching node is returned; otherwise, No_Element is returned. function Element (Container : Map; Key : Key_Type) return Element_Type; Equivalent to Element (Find (Container, Key)). function First (Container : Map) return Cursor; If Length (Container) = 0, then First returns No_Element. Otherwise, First returns a cursor that designates the first node in Container. function Next (Position : Cursor) return Cursor; Returns a cursor that designates the successor of the node designated by Position. If Position designates the last node, then No_Element is returned. If Position equals No_Element, then No_Element is returned. procedure Next (Position : in out Cursor); Equivalent to Position := Next (Position). function Has_Element (Position : Cursor) return Boolean; Returns True if Position designates a node, and returns False otherwise. AARM Note: To Be Honest: This function may not detect cursors that designate deleted elements; such cursors are invalid (see below). procedure Iterate (Container : in Map; Process : not null access procedure (Position : in Cursor)); Iterate calls Process.all with a cursor that designates each node in Container, starting with the first node and moving the cursor according to the successor relation. Program_Error is propagated if Process.all tampers with the elements of Container. Any exception raised by Process.all is propagated. AARM Note: This check takes place when the operations that insert or delete elements, etc. are called. See Iterate for vectors for a suggested implementation of the check. End AARM Notes. Erroneous Execution A Cursor value is *invalid* if any of the following have occurred since it was created: * The map that contains the node it designates has been finalized; * The map that contains the node it designates has been used as the Source or Target of a call to Move; * The node it designates has been deleted from the map. The result of "=" or Has_Element is unspecified if these functions are called with an invalid cursor parameter. Execution is erroneous if any other subprogram declared in Containers.Hashed_Maps or Containers.Ordered_Maps is called with an invalid cursor parameter. AARM Notes: The list above is intended to be exhaustive. In other cases, a cursor value continues to designate its original element. For instance, cursor values survive the insertion and deletion of other nodes. While it is possible to check for these cases, in many cases the overhead necessary to make the check is substantial in time or space. Implementations are encouraged to check for as many of these cases as possible and raise Program_Error if detected. End AARM Notes. Implementation Requirements No storage associated with a Map object shall be lost upon assignment or scope exit. Implementation Advice Move should not copy elements, and should minimize copying of internal data structures. AARM Note: Usually that can be accomplishing simply by moving the pointer(s) to the internal data structures from the Source container to the Target container. A.18.5 The Package Containers.Hashed_Maps Static Semantics The generic library package Containers.Hashed_Maps has the following declaration: generic type Key_Type is private; type Element_Type is private; with function Hash (Key : Key_Type) return Hash_Type; with function Equivalent_Keys (Left, Right : Key_Type) return Boolean; with function "=" (Left, Right : Element_Type) return Boolean is <>; package Ada.Containers.Hashed_Maps is pragma Preelaborate (Hashed_Maps); type Map is tagged private; type Cursor is private; Empty_Map : constant Map; No_Element : constant Cursor; function "=" (Left, Right : Map) return Boolean; function Length (Container : Map) return Count_Type; function Is_Empty (Container : Map) return Boolean; procedure Clear (Container : in out Map); function Key (Position : Cursor) return Key_Type; function Element (Position : Cursor) return Element_Type; procedure Query_Element (Position : in Cursor; Process : not null access procedure (Key : in Key_Type; Element : in Element_Type)); procedure Update_Element (Position : in Cursor; Process : not null access procedure (Key : in Key_Type; Element : in out Element_Type)); procedure Replace_Element (Position : in Cursor; By : in Element_Type); procedure Move (Target : in out Map; Source : in out Map); procedure Insert (Container : in out Map; Key : in Key_Type; New_Item : in Element_Type; Position : out Cursor; Inserted : out Boolean); procedure Insert (Container : in out Map; Key : in Key_Type; Position : out Cursor; Inserted : out Boolean); procedure Insert (Container : in out Map; Key : in Key_Type; New_Item : in Element_Type); procedure Include (Container : in out Map; Key : in Key_Type; New_Item : in Element_Type); procedure Replace (Container : in out Map; Key : in Key_Type; New_Item : in Element_Type); procedure Delete (Container : in out Map; Key : in Key_Type); procedure Delete (Container : in out Map; Position : in out Cursor); procedure Exclude (Container : in out Map; Key : in Key_Type); function Contains (Container : Map; Key : Key_Type) return Boolean; function Find (Container : Map; Key : Key_Type) return Cursor; function Element (Container : Map; Key : Key_Type) return Element_Type; function First (Container : Map) return Cursor; function Next (Position : Cursor) return Cursor; procedure Next (Position : in out Cursor); function Has_Element (Position : Cursor) return Boolean; function Equivalent_Keys (Left, Right : Cursor) return Boolean; function Equivalent_Keys (Left : Cursor; Right : Key_Type) return Boolean; function Equivalent_Keys (Left : Key_Type; Right : Cursor) return Boolean; procedure Iterate (Container : in Map; Process : not null access procedure (Position : in Cursor)); function Capacity (Container : Map) return Count_Type; procedure Reserve_Capacity (Container : in out Map; Capacity : in Count_Type); private ... -- not specified by the language end Ada.Containers.Hashed_Maps; An object of type Map contains an expandable hash table, which is used to provide direct access to nodes. The *capacity* of an object of type Map is the maximum number of nodes that can be inserted into the hash table prior to it being automatically expanded. AARM Notes The expected implementation for a Map uses a hash table which is grown when it is too small, with linked lists hanging off of each bucket. Note that in that implementation a cursor needs a back pointer to the Map object to implement iteration; that could either be in the nodes, or in the cursor object. To provide an average O(1) access time, capacity would typically equal the number of buckets in such an implementation, so that the average bucket linked list length would be no more than 1.0. There is no defined relationship between elements in a hashed map. Typically, iteration will return elements in the order that they are hashed in. End AARM Notes Two keys K1 and K2 are defined to be *equivalent* if Equivalent_Keys (K1, K2) returns True. Function Hash is expected to return the same value each time it is called with a particular key value. For any two equivalent key values, Hash is expected to return the same value. If Hash behaves in some other manner, the behavior of this package is unspecified. Which subprograms of this package call Hash, and how many times they call it, is unspecified. AARM Notes The implementation is not required to protect against Hash raising an exception, or returning random numbers, or any other "bad" behavior. It's not practical to do so, and a broken Hash function makes the container unusable. The implementation can call Hash whenever it is needed; we don't want to specify how often that happens. The result must remain the same (this is logically a pure function), or the behavior is unspecified. End AARM Notes Function Equivalent_Keys is expected to return the same value each time it is called with a particular pair of key values. For any two keys K1 and K2, the boolean values Equivalent_Keys (K1, K2) and Equivalent_Key (K2, K1) are expected to be equal. If Equivalent_Keys behaves in some other manner, the behavior of this package is unspecified. Which subprograms of this package call Equivalent_Keys, and how many times they call it, is unspecified. AARM Note As with Hash, the implementation is not required to protect against Equivalent_Keys raising an exception or returning random results. Similarly, the implementation can call this operation whenever it is needed. The result must remain the same (this is a logically pure function), or the behavior is unspecified. If the value of a key stored in a node of a map is changed other than by an operation in this package such that at least one of Hash or Equivalent_Keys give different results, the behavior of this package is unspecified. AARM Notes The implementation is not required to protect against changes to key values other than via the operations declared in the Hashed_Maps package. To see how this could happen, imagine an instantiation of Hashed_Maps where the key type is an access-to-variable type and Hash returns a value derived from the components of the designated object. Then, any operation that has a key value could modify those components and change the hash value: Key (Map).Some_Component := New_Value; This is really a design error on the part of the user of the map; it shouldn't be possible to modify keys stored in a map. But we can't prevent this error anymore than we can prevent someone passing as Hash a random number generator. End AARM Notes Which nodes are the first node and the last node of a map, and which node is the successor of a given node, are unspecified, other than the general semantics described in A.18.4. AARM Note Typically the first node will be the first node in the first bucket, the last node will be the last node in the last bucket, and the successor will be obtained by following the collision list, and going to the next bucket at the end of each bucket. procedure Clear (Container : in out Map); In addition to the semantics described in A.18.4, Clear does not affect the capacity of Container. AARM Note: procedure Move (Target : in out Map; Source : in out Map); The intended implementation is that the internal hash table of Target is first deallocated; then the internal hash table is removed from Source and moved to Target. End AARM Note. procedure Insert (Container : in out Map; Key : in Key_Type; New_Item : in Element_Type; Position : out Cursor; Inserted : out Boolean); In addition to the semantics described in A.18.4, if Length (Container) equals Capacity (Container), then Insert first calls Reserve_Capacity to increase the capacity of Container to some larger value. AARM Notes: Insert should only compare keys that hash to the same bucket in the hash table. We specify when Reserve_Capacity is called to bound the overhead of capacity expansion operations (which are potentially expensive). Moreover, expansion can be predicted by comparing Capacity(Map) to Length(Map). Since we don't specify by how much the hash table is expanded, this only can be used to predict the next expansion, not later ones. End AARM Notes. AARM Notes: procedure Delete (Container : in out Map; Key : in Key_Type); Delete should only compare keys that hash to the same bucket in the hash table. The node containing the element may be deallocated now, or it may be saved and reused later. End AARM Notes. AARM Notes: procedure Exclude (Container : in out Map; Key : in Key_Type); Exclude should only compare keys that hash to the same bucket in the hash table. Exclude should work on an empty map; nothing happens in that case. End AARM Notes. AARM Note: function Find (Container : Map; Key : Key_Type) return Cursor; Find should only compare keys that hash to the same bucket in the hash table. End AARM Notes. AARM Note: function First (Container : Map) return Cursor; In a typical implementation, this will be the first node in the lowest numbered hash bucket that contains a node. End AARM Notes. AARM Note: function Next (Position : Cursor) return Cursor; In a typical implementation, this will return the next node in a bucket; if Position is the last node in a bucket, this will return the first node in the next non-empty bucket. A typical implementation will need to a keep a pointer at the map container in the cursor in order to implement this function. End AARM Note. function Equivalent_Keys (Left, Right : Cursor) return Boolean; Equivalent to Equivalent_Keys (Key (Left), Key (Right)). function Equivalent_Keys (Left : Cursor; Right : Key_Type) return Boolean; Equivalent to Equivalent_Keys (Key (Left), Right). function Equivalent_Keys (Left : Key_Type; Right : Cursor) return Boolean; Equivalent to Equivalent_Keys (Left, Key (Right)). function Capacity (Container : Map) return Count_Type; Returns the capacity of Container. procedure Reserve_Capacity (Container : in out Map; Capacity : in Count_Type); Reserve_Capacity allocates a new hash table such that the length of the resulting map can become at least the value Capacity without requiring an additional call to Reserve_Capacity, and is large enough to hold the current length of Container. Reserve_Capacity then rehashes the nodes in Container onto the new hash table. It replaces the old hash table with the new hash table, and then deallocates the old hash table. Any exception raised during allocation is propagated and Container is not modified. Reserve_Capacity tampers with the cursors of Container. AARM Notes: This routine is used to preallocate the internal hash table to the specified capacity such that future Inserts do not require expansion of the hash table. Therefore, the implementation should allocate the needed memory to make that true at this point, even though the visible semantics could be preserved by waiting until enough elements are inserted. While Reserve_Capacity can be used to reduce the capacity of a map, we do not specify whether an implementation actually supports reduction of the capacity. Since the actual capacity can be anything greater than or equal to Count, an implementation never has to reduce the capacity. Reserve_Capacity tampers with the cursors, as rehashing probably will change the order that elements are stored in the map. End AARM Notes Implementation Advice If *N* is the length of a map, the average time complexity of the subprograms Element, Insert, Include, Replace, Delete, Exclude and Find that take a key parameter should be O(log N). The average time complexity of the subprograms that take a cursor parameter should be O(1). The average time complexity of Reserve_Capacity should be O(N). AARM Note We do not mean to overly constrain implementation strategies here. However, it is important for portability that the performance of large containers has roughly the same factors on different implementations. If a program is moved to an implementation for which Find is O(N), that program could be unusable when the maps are large. We allow O(log N) access because the proportionality constant and caching effects are likely to be larger than the log factor, and we don't want to discourage innovative implementations. A.18.6 The Package Containers.Ordered_Maps Static Semantics The generic library package Containers.Ordered_Maps has the following declaration: generic type Key_Type is private; type Element_Type is private; with function "<" (Left, Right : Key_Type) return Boolean is <>; with function "=" (Left, Right : Element_Type) return Boolean is <>; package Ada.Containers.Ordered_Maps is pragma Preelaborate (Ordered_Maps); type Map is tagged private; type Cursor is private; Empty_Map : constant Map; No_Element : constant Cursor; function "=" (Left, Right : Map) return Boolean; function Length (Container : Map) return Count_Type; function Is_Empty (Container : Map) return Boolean; procedure Clear (Container : in out Map); function Key (Position : Cursor) return Key_Type; function Element (Position : Cursor) return Element_Type; procedure Query_Element (Position : in Cursor; Process : not null access procedure (Key : in Key_Type; Element : in Element_Type)); procedure Update_Element (Position : in Cursor; Process : not null access procedure (Key : in Key_Type; Element : in out Element_Type)); procedure Replace_Element (Position : in Cursor; By : in Element_Type); procedure Move (Target : in out Map; Source : in out Map); procedure Insert (Container : in out Map; Key : in Key_Type; New_Item : in Element_Type; Position : out Cursor; Inserted : out Boolean); procedure Insert (Container : in out Map; Key : in Key_Type; Position : out Cursor; Inserted : out Boolean); procedure Insert (Container : in out Map; Key : in Key_Type; New_Item : in Element_Type); procedure Include (Container : in out Map; Key : in Key_Type; New_Item : in Element_Type); procedure Replace (Container : in out Map; Key : in Key_Type; New_Item : in Element_Type); procedure Delete (Container : in out Map; Key : in Key_Type); procedure Delete (Container : in out Map; Position : in out Cursor); procedure Delete_First (Container : in out Map); procedure Delete_Last (Container : in out Map); procedure Exclude (Container : in out Map; Key : in Key_Type); function Contains (Container : Map; Key : Key_Type) return Boolean; function Find (Container : Map; Key : Key_Type) return Cursor; function Element (Container : Map; Key : Key_Type) return Element_Type; function Floor (Container : Map; Key : Key_Type) return Cursor; function Ceiling (Container : Map; Key : Key_Type) return Cursor; function First (Container : Map) return Cursor; function First_Key (Container : Map) return Key_Type; function First_Element (Container : Map) return Element_Type; function Last (Container : Map) return Cursor; function Last_Key (Container : Map) return Key_Type; function Last_Element (Container : Map) return Element_Type; function Next (Position : Cursor) return Cursor; procedure Next (Position : in out Cursor); function Previous (Position : Cursor) return Cursor; procedure Previous (Position : in out Cursor); function Has_Element (Position : Cursor) return Boolean; function "<" (Left, Right : Cursor) return Boolean; function ">" (Left, Right : Cursor) return Boolean; function "<" (Left : Cursor; Right : Key_Type) return Boolean; function ">" (Left : Cursor; Right : Key_Type) return Boolean; function "<" (Left : Key_Type; Right : Cursor) return Boolean; function ">" (Left : Key_Type; Right : Cursor) return Boolean; procedure Iterate (Container : in Map; Process : not null access procedure (Position : in Cursor)); procedure Reverse_Iterate (Container : in Map; Process : not null access procedure (Position : in Cursor)); private ... -- not specified by the language end Ada.Containers.Ordered_Maps; Two keys K1 and K2 are *equivalent* if both K1 < K2 and K2 < K1 return False, using the generic formal "<" operator for keys. Functions "<" and "=" on Key_Type values are expected to return the same result value each time they are called with a particular pair of key values. If A = B returns True, then B = A is expected to also return True. If A < B returns True, then B < A is expected to return False. For any two equivalent elements, "=" is expected to return True. If "<" or "=" behaves in some other manner, the behavior of this package is unspecified. Which subprograms of this package call "<" and "=", and how many times these functions are called, is unspecified. AARM Notes The implementation is not required to protect against "<" or "=" raising an exception, or returning random results, or any other "bad" behavior. It's not practical to do so, and a broken "<" or "=" function makes the container unusable. The implementation can call "<" and "=" whenever it is needed; we don't want to specify how often that happens. The result must remain the same (these are logically pure functions), or the behavior is unspecified. End AARM Notes If the value of a key stored in a map is changed other than by an operation in this package such that at least one of "<" or "=" give different results, the behavior of this package is unspecified. AARM Notes The implementation is not required to protect against changes to key values other than via the operations declared in the Ordered_Maps package. To see how this could happen, imagine an instantiation of Ordered_Maps package where the key type is an access-to-variable type and "<" returns a value derived from comparing the components of the designated objects. Then, any operation that has a key value (even if the key value is constant) could modify those components and change the result of "<": Key (Map).Some_Component := New_Value; This is really a design error on the part of the user of the map; it shouldn't be possible to modify keys stored in a map such that "<" changes. But we can't prevent this error anymore than we can prevent someone passing as "<" a routine that produces random answers. End AARM Notes The first node of a nonempty map is the one whose key is less than the key of all the other nodes in the map. The last node of a nonempty map is the one whose key is greater than the key of all the other elements in the map. The successor of a node is the node with the smallest key that is larger than the key of the given node. The predecessor of a node is the node with the largest key that is smaller than the key of the given node. All comparisons are done using the generic formal "<" operator for keys. procedure Delete_First (Container : in out Map); If Container is empty, Delete_First has no effect. Otherwise the node designated by First (Container) is removed from Container. Delete_First tampers with the cursors of Container. procedure Delete_Last (Container : in out Map); If Container is empty, Delete_Last has no effect. Otherwise the node designated by Last (Container) is removed from Container. Delete_Last tampers with the cursors of Container. function Floor (Container : Map; Key : Key_Type) return Cursor; Floor searches for the last node whose key is not greater than Key. If such a node is found, a cursor that designates it is returned. Otherwise No_Element is returned. function Ceiling (Container : Map; Key : Key_Type) return Cursor; Ceiling searches for the first node whose key is not less than Key, using the generic formal "<" operator for keys. If such a node is found, a cursor that designates it is returned. Otherwise No_Element is returned. function First_Key (Container : Map) return Key_Type; Equivalent to Key (First (Container)). function First_Element (Container : Map) return Element_Type; Equivalent to Element (First (Container)). function Last (Container : Map) return Cursor; Returns a cursor that designates the last node in Container. If Container is empty, returns No_Element. function Last_Key (Container : Map) return Key_Type; Equivalent to Key (Last (Container)). function Last_Element (Container : Map) return Element_Type; Equivalent to Element (Last (Container)). function Previous (Position : Cursor) return Cursor; If Position equals No_Element, then Previous returns No_Element. Otherwise Previous returns the a cursor designating the node that precedes the one designated by Position. If Position designates the first element, then Previous returns No_Element. procedure Previous (Position : in out Cursor); Equivalent to Position := Previous (Position). function "<" (Left, Right : Cursor) return Boolean; Equivalent to Key (Left) < Key (Right). function ">" (Left, Right : Cursor) return Boolean; Equivalent to Key (Right) < Key (Left). function "<" (Left : Cursor; Right : Key_Type) return Boolean; Equivalent to Key (Left) < Right. function ">" (Left : Cursor; Right : Key_Type) return Boolean; Equivalent to Right < Key (Left). function "<" (Left : Key_Type; Right : Cursor) return Boolean; Equivalent to Left < Key (Right). function ">" (Left : Key_Type; Right : Cursor) return Boolean; Equivalent to Key (Right) < Left. procedure Reverse_Iterate (Container : in Map; Process : not null access procedure (Position : in Cursor)); Iterates over the nodes in Container as per Iterate, with the difference that the nodes are traversed in predecessor order, starting with the last node. Implementation Advice If *N* is the length of a map, then the worst-case time complexity of the Element, Insert, Include, Replace, Delete, Exclude and Find operations that take a key parameter should be O((log N)**2) or better. The worst-case time complexity of the subprograms that take a cursor parameter should be O(1). AARM Note A balanced (red-black) tree for keys has O(log N) worst-case performance. Note that a O(N) worst-case implementation (like a list) would be wrong. We do not mean to overly constrain implementation strategies here. However, it is important for portability that the performance of large containers has roughly the same factors on different implementations. If a program is moved to an implementation that takes O(N) to find elements, that program could be unusable when the maps are large. We allow the extra log N factors because the proportionality constant and caching effects are likely to be larger than the log factor, and we don't want to discourage innovative implementations. A.18.7 Sets The language-defined generic packages Containers.Hashed_Sets and Containers.Ordered_Sets provide private types Set and Cursor, and a set of operations for each type. A set container allows elements of an arbitrary type to be stored without duplication. A hashed set uses a hash function to organize elements, while an ordered set orders its element per a specified relation. This section describes the declarations that are common to both kinds of sets. See A.18.8 for a description of the semantics specific to Containers.Hashed_Sets and A.18.9 for a description of the semantics specific to Containers.Ordered_Sets. Static Semantics The type Set is used to represent sets. The type Set needs finalization (see 7.6). A set contains elements. Set cursors designate elements. There exists an equivalence relation on elements, whose definition is different for hashed sets and ordered sets. A set never contains two or more equivalent elements. The *length* of a set is the number of elements it contains. Each nonempty set has two particular elements called the *first element* and the *last element* (which may be the same). Each element except for the last element has a *successor element*. If there are no other intervening operations, starting with the first element and repeatedly going to the successor element will visit each element in the map exactly once until the last element is reached. The exact definition of these terms is different for hashed sets and ordered sets. Some operations are assumed to work on a constant set of elements. For such an operation, a subprogram is said to *tamper with cursors* of a set object S if: * it inserts or deletes elements of S, that is, it calls the Insert, Include, Clear, Delete, Exclude, or Replace_Element procedures with S as a parameter; or AARM To Be Honest: Operations which are defined to be equivalent to a call on one of these operations also are included. Similarly, operations which call one of these as part of their definition are included. AARM Disucssion: We have to include Replace_Element here because it might delete and reinsert the element if it moves in the set. * it finalizes S; or * it calls the Move procedure with S as a parameter; or * it calls one of the operations defined to tamper with cursors of S. Some operations are assumed to not change elements. For such an operation, a subprogram is said to *tamper with elements* of a set object S if: * it tampers with cursors of S; or * it modifies one or more elements of S, that is, it calls the Replace or Update_Element_Preserving_Key procedures with S as a parameter. Empty_Set represents the empty Set object. It has a length of 0. If an object of type Set is not otherwise initialized, it is initialized to the same value as Empty_Set. No_Element represents a cursor that designates no element. If an object of type Cursor is not otherwise initialized, it is initialized to the same value as No_Element. function "=" (Left, Right : Set) return Boolean; If Left and Right denote the same set object, then the function returns True. If Left and Right have different lengths, then the function returns False. Otherwise, for each element E in Left, the function returns False if an element equal to E (in the sense of the generic formal equality operator) is not present in Right. If the function has not returned a result after checking all of the elements, it returns True. Any exception raised during evaluation of element equality is propagated. function Equivalent_Sets (Left, Right : Set) return Boolean; If Left and Right denote the same set object, then the function returns True. If Left and Right have different lengths, then the function returns False. Otherwise, for each element E in Left, the function returns False if an element equivalent to E is not present in Right. If the function has not returned a result after checking all of the elements, it returns True. Any exception raised during evaluation of element equivalence is propagated. function Length (Container : Set) return Count_Type; Returns the number of elements in Container. function Is_Empty (Container : Set) return Boolean; Equivalent to Length (Container) = 0. procedure Clear (Container : in out Set); Removes all the elements from Container. function Element (Position : Cursor) return Element_Type; If Position equals No_Element, then Constraint_Error is propagated. Otherwise, Element returns the element designated by Position. procedure Query_Element (Position : in Cursor; Process : not null access procedure (Element : in Element_Type)); If Position equals No_Element, then Constraint_Error is propagated. Otherwise, Query_Element calls Process.all with the element designated by Position as the argument. Program_Error is propagated if Process.all tampers with the elements of Container. Any exceptions raised by Process.all are propagated. procedure Replace_Element (Container : in Set; Position : in Cursor; By : in Element_Type); If Position equals No_Element, then Constraint_Error is propagated. If Position does not designate an element in Container, then Program_Error is propagated. Otherwise, the element designated by Position is tested for equivalence to By; if they are found to be equivalent, Replace_Element assigns By to the element designated by Position. Otherwise, the element designated by Position is removed from the container, then By is inserted into the container. If the insertion fails, Program_Error is propagated. procedure Move (Target : in out Set; Source : in out Set); If Target denotes the same object as Source, then Move has no effect. Otherwise, Move first clears Target. Then, each element from Source is removed from Source and inserted into Target. The length of Source is 0 after a successful call to Move. procedure Insert (Container : in out Set; New_Item : in Element_Type; Position : out Cursor; Inserted : out Boolean); Insert checks if an element equivalent to New_Item is already present in Container. If a match is found, Inserted is set to False and Position designates the matching element. Otherwise, Insert adds New_Item to Container; Inserted is set to True and Position designates the newly-inserted element. Any exception raised during allocation is propagated and Container is not modified. procedure Insert (Container : in out Set; New_Item : in Element_Type); Insert inserts New_Item into Container as per the four-parameter Insert, with the difference that if an element equivalent to New_Item is already in the set, then Constraint_Error is propagated. AARM Note: This is equivalent to: declare Inserted : Boolean; C : Cursor; begin Insert (Container, New_Item, C, Inserted); if not Inserted then raise Constraint_Error; end if; end; but doesn't require the hassle of out parameters. procedure Include (Container : in out Set; New_Item : in Element_Type); Include inserts New_Item into Container as per the four-parameter Insert, with the difference that if an element equivalent to New_Item is already in the set, then it is replaced. Any exception raised during assignment is propagated. procedure Replace (Container : in out Set; New_Item : in Element_Type); Replace checks if an element equivalent to New_Item is already in the set. If a match is found, that element is replaced with New_Item; otherwise, Constraint_Error is propagated. procedure Delete (Container : in out Set; Item : in Element_Type); Delete checks if an element equivalent to Item is present in Container. If a match is found, Delete removes the element from the set; otherwise, Constraint_Error is propagated. procedure Delete (Container : in out Set; Position : in out Cursor); If Position equals No_Element, Delete has no effect. If Position does not designate an element in Container, then Program_Error is propagated. Otherwise, Delete removes the node designated by Position from the set. Position is set to No_Element on return. AARM Note: The check on Position checks that the cursor does not belong to some other set. This check implies that a reference to the set is included in the cursor value. This wording is not meant to require detection of dangling cursors; such cursors are defined to be invalid, which means that execution is erroneous, and any result is allowed (including not raising an exception). procedure Exclude (Container : in out Set; Item : in Element_Type); Exclude checks if an element equivalent to Item is present in Container. If a match is found, Exclude removes the element from the set. function Contains (Container : Set; Item : Element_Type) return Boolean; Equivalent to Find (Container, Item) /= No_Element. function Find (Container : Set; Item : Element_Type) return Cursor; If Length (Container) equals 0, then Find returns No_Element. Otherwise, Find checks if an element equivalent to Item is present in Container. If a match is found, a cursor designating the matching element is returned; otherwise, No_Element is returned. function First (Container : Set) return Cursor; If Length (Container) = 0, then First returns No_Element. Otherwise, First returns a cursor that designates the first node in Container. function Next (Position : Cursor) return Cursor; Returns a cursor that designates the successor of the element designated by Position. If Position designates the last element, then No_Element is returned. If Position equals No_Element, then No_Element is returned. procedure Next (Position : in out Cursor); Equivalent to Position := Next (Position). function Has_Element (Position : Cursor) return Boolean; Returns True if Position designates an element, and returns False otherwise. AARM Note: To Be Honest: This function may not detect cursors that designate deleted elements; such cursors are invalid (see below). procedure Iterate (Container : in Set; Process : not null access procedure (Position : in Cursor)); Iterate calls Process.all with a cursor that designates each element in Container, starting with the first node and moving the cursor according to the successor relation. Program_Error is propagated if Process.all tampers with the elements of Container. Any exception raised by Process.all is propagated. AARM Note: This check takes place when the operations that insert or delete elements, etc. are called. See Iterate for vectors for a suggested implementation of the check. End AARM Notes. procedure Union (Target : in out Set; Source : in Set); Union inserts into Target the elements of Source that are not equivalent to some element already in Target. AARM Note: If the objects are the same, the result is the same as the original object. The implementation needs to take care so that aliasing effects do not make the result trash; Union (S, S); must work. function Union (Left, Right : Set) return Set; Returns a set comprising all of the elements of Left, and the elements of Right that are not equivalent to some element of Left. procedure Intersection (Target : in out Set; Source : in Set); Union deletes from Target the elements of Target that are not equivalent to some element of Source. AARM Note: If the objects are the same, the result is the same as the original object. The implementation needs to take care so that aliasing effects do not make the result trash; Intersection (S, S); must work. function Intersection (Left, Right : Set) return Set; Returns a set comprising all the elements of Left that are equivalent to the some element of Right. procedure Difference (Target : in out Set; Source : in Set); If Target denotes the same object as Source, then Difference clears Target. Otherwise, it deletes from Target the elements that are equivalent to some element of Source. function Difference (Left, Right : Set) return Set; Returns a set comprising the elements of Left that are not equivalent to some element of Right. procedure Symmetric_Difference (Target : in out Set; Source : in Set); If Target denotes the same object as Source, then Symmetric_Difference clears Target. Otherwise, it deletes from Target the elements that are equivalent to some element of Source, and inserts into Target the elements of Source that are not equivalent to some element of Target. function Symmetric_Difference (Left, Right : Set) return Set; Returns a set comprising the elements of Left that are not equivalent to some element of Right, and the elements of Right that are not equivalent to some element of Left. function Overlap (Left, Right : Set) return Boolean; If an element of Left is equivalent to some element of Right, then Overlap returns True. Otherwise it returns False. AARM Notes: This operation is commutative. If Overlap returns False, the two sets are disjoint. function Is_Subset (Subset : Set; Of_Set : Set) return Boolean; If an element of Subset is not equivalent to some element of Of_Set, then Is_Subset returns False. Otherwise it returns True. AARM Note: This operation is not commutative, so we use parameter names that make it clear in named notation which set is which. Both Containers.Hashed_Set and Containers.Ordered_Set declare a nested generic package Generic_Keys, which provides operations that allow set manipulation in terms of a key (typically, a portion of an element) instead of a complete element. The formal function Key of Generic_Keys extracts a key value from an element. It is expected to return the same value each time it is called with a particular element. The behavior of Generic_Keys is unspecified if Key behaves in some other manner. A key is expected to unambiguously determine one equivalence class for elements. The behavior of Generic_Keys is unspecified if the formal parameters of this package behave in some other manner. The subprograms in package Generic_Keys named Contains, Find, Element, Delete, and Exclude, are equivalent to the corresponding subprograms in the parent package, with the difference that the Key parameter is used locate an element in the set. procedure Replace (Container : in out Set; Key : in Key_Type; New_Item : in Element_Type); Equivalent to Replace_Element (Container, Find (Container, Key), New_Item). function Key (Position : Cursor) return Key_Type; Equivalent to Key (Element (Position)). procedure Update_Element_Preserving_Key (Container : in out Set; Position : in Cursor; Process : not null access procedure (Element : in out Element_Type)); If Position equals No_Element, then Constraint_Error is propagated. If Position does not designate an element in Container, then Program_Error is propagated. Otherwise, Update_Element_Preserving_Key uses Key to save the key value K of the element designated by Position. Update_Element_Preserving_Key then calls Process.all with that element as the argument. Program_Error is propagated if Process.all tampers with the elements of Container. Any exception raised by Process.all is propagated. After Process.all returns, Update_Element_Preserving_Key checks if K determines the same equivalence class as that for the new element; if not, the element is removed from the set and Program_Error is propagated. AARM Note: The key check insures that the invariants of the set are preserved by the modification. If Element_Type is unconstrained and definite, then the Element parameter of Process.all shall be unconstrained. AARM Note: This means that the elements cannot be directly allocated from the heap (nor aliased unless AI-363 is included in the Amendment); it must be possible to change the discriminants of the element in place. Erroneous Execution A Cursor value is *invalid* if any of the following have occurred since it was created: * The set that contains the element it designates has been finalized; * The set that contains the element it designates has been used as the Source or Target of a call to Move; * The element it designates has been deleted from the set. The result of "=" or Has_Element is unspecified if these functions are called with an invalid cursor parameter. Execution is erroneous if any other subprogram declared in Containers.Hashed_Sets or Containers.Ordered_Sets is called with an invalid cursor parameter. AARM Notes: The list above is intended to be exhaustive. In other cases, a cursor value continues to designate its original element. For instance, cursor values survive the insertion and deletion of other elements. While it is possible to check for these cases, in many cases the overhead necessary to make the check is substantial in time or space. Implementations are encouraged to check for as many of these cases as possible and raise Program_Error if detected. End AARM Notes. Implementation Requirements No storage associated with a Set object shall be lost upon assignment or scope exit. Implementation Advice Move should not copy elements, and should minimize copying of internal data structures. AARM Note: Usually that can be accomplishing simply by moving the pointer(s) to the internal data structures from the Source container to the Target container. A.18.8 The Package Containers.Hashed_Sets Static Semantics The generic library package Containers.Hashed_Sets has the following declaration: generic type Element_Type is private; with function Hash (Element : Element_Type) return Hash_Type; with function Equivalent_Elements (Left, Right : Element_Type) return Boolean; with function "=" (Left, Right : Element_Type) return Boolean is <>; package Ada.Containers.Hashed_Sets is pragma Preelaborate (Hashed_Sets); type Set is tagged private; type Cursor is private; Empty_Set : constant Set; No_Element : constant Cursor; function "=" (Left, Right : Set) return Boolean; function Equivalent_Sets (Left, Right : Set) return Boolean; function Length (Container : Set) return Count_Type; function Is_Empty (Container : Set) return Boolean; procedure Clear (Container : in out Set); function Element (Position : Cursor) return Element_Type; procedure Query_Element (Position : in Cursor; Process : not null access procedure (Element : in Element_Type)); procedure Replace_Element (Container : in Set; Position : in Cursor; By : in Element_Type); procedure Move (Target : in out Set; Source : in out Set); procedure Insert (Container : in out Set; New_Item : in Element_Type; Position : out Cursor; Inserted : out Boolean); procedure Insert (Container : in out Set; New_Item : in Element_Type); procedure Include (Container : in out Set; New_Item : in Element_Type); procedure Replace (Container : in out Set; New_Item : in Element_Type); procedure Delete (Container : in out Set; Item : in Element_Type); procedure Delete (Container : in out Set; Position : in out Cursor); procedure Exclude (Container : in out Set; Item : in Element_Type); function Contains (Container : Set; Item : Element_Type) return Boolean; function Find (Container : Set; Item : Element_Type) return Cursor; function First (Container : Set) return Cursor; function Next (Position : Cursor) return Cursor; procedure Next (Position : in out Cursor); function Has_Element (Position : Cursor) return Boolean; function Equivalent_Elements (Left, Right : Cursor) return Boolean; function Equivalent_Elements (Left : Cursor; Right : Element_Type) return Boolean; function Equivalent_Elements (Left : Element_Type; Right : Cursor) return Boolean; procedure Iterate (Container : in Set; Process : not null access procedure (Position : in Cursor)); procedure Union (Target : in out Set; Source : in Set); function Union (Left, Right : Set) return Set; function "or" (Left, Right : Set) return Set renames Union; procedure Intersection (Target : in out Set; Source : in Set); function Intersection (Left, Right : Set) return Set; function "and" (Left, Right : Set) return Set renames Intersection; procedure Difference (Target : in out Set; Source : in Set); function Difference (Left, Right : Set) return Set; function "-" (Left, Right : Set) return Set renames Difference; procedure Symmetric_Difference (Target : in out Set; Source : in Set); function Symmetric_Difference (Left, Right : Set) return Set; function "xor" (Left, Right : Set) return Set renames Symmetric_Difference; function Overlap (Left, Right : Set) return Boolean; function Is_Subset (Subset : Set; Of_Set : Set) return Boolean; function Capacity (Container : Set) return Count_Type; procedure Reserve_Capacity (Container : in out Set; Capacity : in Count_Type); generic type Key_Type (<>) is limited private; with function Key (Element : in Element_Type) return Key_Type; with function Hash (Key : Key_Type) return Hash_Type; with function Equivalent_Keys (Left : Key_Type; Right : Element_Type) return Boolean; package Generic_Keys is function Contains (Container : Set; Key : Key_Type) return Boolean; function Find (Container : Set; Key : Key_Type) return Cursor; function Key (Position : Cursor) return Key_Type; function Element (Container : Set; Key : Key_Type) return Element_Type; procedure Replace (Container : in out Set; Key : in Key_Type; New_Item : in Element_Type); procedure Delete (Container : in out Set; Key : in Key_Type); procedure Exclude (Container : in out Set; Key : in Key_Type); procedure Update_Element_Preserving_Key (Container : in out Set; Position : in Cursor; Process : not null access procedure (Element : in out Element_Type)); function Equivalent_Keys (Left : Cursor; Right : Key_Type) return Boolean; function Equivalent_Keys (Left : Key_Type; Right : Cursor) return Boolean; end Generic_Keys; private ... -- not specified by the language end Ada.Containers.Hashed_Sets; An object of type Set contains an expandable hash table, which is used to provide direct access to elements. The *capacity* of an object of type Set is the maximum number of elements that can be inserted into the hash table prior to it being automatically expanded. Two elements E1 and E2 are defined to be *equivalent* if Equivalent_Elements (E1, E2) returns True. Function Hash is expected to return the same value each time it is called with a particular element value. For any two equivalent elements, Hash is expected to return the same value. If Hash behaves in some other manner, the behavior of this package is unspecified. Which subprograms of this package call Hash, and how many times they call it, is unspecified. Function Equivalent_Elements is expected to return the same value each time it is called with a particular pair of element values. For any two elements E1 and E2, the boolean values Equivalent_Elements (E1, E2) and Equivalent_Elements (E2, E1) are expected to be equal. If Equivalent_Elements behaves in some other manner, the behavior of this package is unspecified. Which subprograms of this package call Equivalent_Elements, and how many times they call it, is unspecified. If the value of an element stored in a set is changed other than by an operation in this package such that at least one of Hash or Equivalent_Elements give different results, the behavior of this package is unspecified. AARM Note See Hashed_Maps for a suggested implementation, and for justification of the restrictions regarding Hash and Equivalent_Elements. Note that sets only need to store elements, not key/element pairs. Which elements are the first element and the last element of a set, and which element is the successor of a given element, are unspecified, other than the general semantics described in A.18.7. procedure Clear (Container : in out Set); In addition to the semantics described in A.18.7, Clear does not affect the capacity of Container. procedure Insert (Container : in out Set; New_Item : in Element_Type; Position : out Cursor; Inserted : out Boolean); In addition to the semantics described in A.18.7, if Length (Container) equals Capacity (Container), then Insert first calls Reserve_Capacity to increase the capacity of Container to some larger value. function First (Container : Set) return Cursor; If Length (Container) = 0, then First returns No_Element. Otherwise, First returns a cursor that designates the first hashed element in Container. function Equivalent_Elements (Left, Right : Cursor) return Boolean; Equivalent to Equivalent_Elements (Element (Left), Element (Right)). function Equivalent_Elements (Left : Cursor; Right : Element_Type) return Boolean; Equivalent to Equivalent_Elements (Element (Left), Right). function Equivalent_Elements (Left : Element_Type; Right : Cursor) return Boolean; Equivalent to Equivalent_Elements (Left, Element (Right)). function Capacity (Container : Set) return Count_Type; Returns the capacity of Container. procedure Reserve_Capacity (Container : in out Set; Capacity : in Count_Type); Reserve_Capacity allocates a new hash table such that the length of the resulting set can become at least the value Capacity without requiring an additional call to Reserve_Capacity, and is large enough to hold the current length of Container. Reserve_Capacity then rehashes the nodes in Container onto the new hash table. It replaces the old hash table with the new hash table, and then deallocates the old hash table. Any exception raised during allocation is propagated and Container is not modified. Reserve_Capacity tampers with the cursors of Container. AARM Note: Reserve_Capacity tampers with the cursors, as rehashing probably will change the relationships of the elements in Container. For any element E, the function Generic_Keys.Hash must be such that Hash (E) = Generic_Keys.Hash (Key (E)). If Key or Generic_Keys.Hash behave in some other manner, the behavior of Generic_Keys is unspecified. Which subprograms of Generic_Keys call Generic_Keys.Hash, and how many times they call it, is unspecified. For any two elements E1 and E2, the boolean values Equivalent_Element (E1, E2), Equivalent_Keys (Key (E1), E2), and Equivalent_Keys (Key (E2), E1) are all expected to be equal. If Key or Equivalent behave in some other manner, the behavior of Generic_Keys is unspecified. Which subprograms of Generic_Keys call Equivalent, and how many times they call it, is unspecified. function Equivalent_Keys (Left : Cursor; Right : Key_Type) return Boolean; Equivalent to Equivalent_Keys (Key (Left), Right). function Equivalent_Keys (Left : Key_Type; Right : Cursor) return Boolean; Equivalent to Equivalent_Keys (Left, Key (Right)). Implementation Advice If *N* is the length of a set, the average time complexity of the subprograms Insert, Include, Replace, Delete, Exclude and Find that take an element parameter should be O(log N). The average time complexity of the subprograms that take a cursor parameter should be O(1). The average time complexity of Reserve_Capacity should be O(N). AARM Note: See Hashed_Maps for implementation notes regarding some of the operations of this package. A.18.9 The Package Containers.Ordered_Sets Static Semantics The generic library package Containers.Ordered_Sets has the following declaration: generic type Element_Type is private; with function "<" (Left, Right : Element_Type) return Boolean is <>; with function "=" (Left, Right : Element_Type) return Boolean is <>; package Ada.Containers.Ordered_Sets is pragma Preelaborate (Ordered_Sets); type Set is tagged private; type Cursor is private; Empty_Set : constant Set; No_Element : constant Cursor; function "=" (Left, Right : Set) return Boolean; function Equivalent_Sets (Left, Right : Set) return Boolean; function Length (Container : Set) return Count_Type; function Is_Empty (Container : Set) return Boolean; procedure Clear (Container : in out Set); function Element (Position : Cursor) return Element_Type; procedure Query_Element (Position : in Cursor; Process : not null access procedure (Element : in Element_Type)); procedure Replace_Element (Container : in Set; Position : in Cursor; By : in Element_Type); procedure Move (Target : in out Set; Source : in out Set); procedure Insert (Container : in out Set; New_Item : in Element_Type; Position : out Cursor; Inserted : out Boolean); procedure Insert (Container : in out Set; New_Item : in Element_Type); procedure Include (Container : in out Set; New_Item : in Element_Type); procedure Replace (Container : in out Set; New_Item : in Element_Type); procedure Delete (Container : in out Set; Item : in Element_Type); procedure Exclude (Container : in out Set; Item : in Element_Type); procedure Delete (Container : in out Set; Position : in out Cursor); procedure Delete_First (Container : in out Set); procedure Delete_Last (Container : in out Set); procedure Union (Target : in out Set; Source : in Set); function Union (Left, Right : Set) return Set; function "or" (Left, Right : Set) return Set renames Union; procedure Intersection (Target : in out Set; Source : in Set); function Intersection (Left, Right : Set) return Set; function "and" (Left, Right : Set) return Set renames Intersection; procedure Difference (Target : in out Set; Source : in Set); function Difference (Left, Right : Set) return Set; function "-" (Left, Right : Set) return Set renames Difference; procedure Symmetric_Difference (Target : in out Set; Source : in Set); function Symmetric_Difference (Left, Right : Set) return Set; function "xor" (Left, Right : Set) return Set renames Symmetric_Difference; function Overlap (Left, Right : Set) return Boolean; function Is_Subset (Subset : Set; Of_Set : Set) return Boolean; function Contains (Container : Set; Item : Element_Type) return Boolean; function Find (Container : Set; Item : Element_Type) return Cursor; function Floor (Container : Set; Item : Element_Type) return Cursor; function Ceiling (Container : Set; Item : Element_Type) return Cursor; function First (Container : Set) return Cursor; function First_Element (Container : Set) return Element_Type; function Last (Container : Set) return Cursor; function Last_Element (Container : Set) return Element_Type; function Next (Position : Cursor) return Cursor; procedure Next (Position : in out Cursor); function Previous (Position : Cursor) return Cursor; procedure Previous (Position : in out Cursor); function Has_Element (Position : Cursor) return Boolean; function "<" (Left, Right : Cursor) return Boolean; function ">" (Left, Right : Cursor) return Boolean; function "<" (Left : Cursor; Right : Element_Type) return Boolean; function ">" (Left : Cursor; Right : Element_Type) return Boolean; function "<" (Left : Element_Type; Right : Cursor) return Boolean; function ">" (Left : Element_Type; Right : Cursor) return Boolean; procedure Iterate (Container : in Set; Process : not null access procedure (Position : in Cursor)); procedure Reverse_Iterate (Container : in Set; Process : not null access procedure (Position : in Cursor)); generic type Key_Type (<>) is limited private; with function Key (Element : Element_Type) return Key_Type; with function "<" (Left : Key_Type; Right : Element_Type) return Boolean is <>; with function ">" (Left : Key_Type; Right : Element_Type) return Boolean is <>; package Generic_Keys is function Contains (Container : Set; Key : Key_Type) return Boolean; function Find (Container : Set; Key : Key_Type) return Cursor; function Floor (Container : Set; Item : Key_Type) return Cursor; function Ceiling (Container : Set; Item : Key_Type) return Cursor; function Key (Position : Cursor) return Key_Type; function Element (Container : Set; Key : Key_Type) return Element_Type; procedure Replace (Container : in out Set; Key : in Key_Type; New_Item : in Element_Type); procedure Delete (Container : in out Set; Key : in Key_Type); procedure Exclude (Container : in out Set; Key : in Key_Type); function "<" (Left : Cursor; Right : Key_Type) return Boolean; function ">" (Left : Cursor; Right : Key_Type) return Boolean; function "<" (Left : Key_Type; Right : Cursor) return Boolean; function ">" (Left : Key_Type; Right : Cursor) return Boolean; procedure Update_Element_Preserving_Key (Container : in out Set; Position : in Cursor; Process : not null access procedure (Element : in out Element_Type)); end Generic_Keys; private ... -- not specified by the language end Ada.Containers.Ordered_Sets; Two elements E1 and E2 are *equivalent* if both E1 < E2 and E2 < E1 return False, using the generic formal "<" operator for elements. Functions "<" and "=" on Element_Type values are expected to return the same result value each time they are called with a particular pair of element values. If A = B returns True, then B = A is expected to also return True. If A < B returns True, then B < A is expected to return False. For any two equivalent elements, "=" is expected to return True. If "<" or "=" behaves in some other manner, the behavior of this package is unspecified. Which subprograms of this package call "<" and "=", and how many times these functions are called, is unspecified. If the value of an element stored in a set is changed other than by an operation in this package such that at least one of "<" or "=" give different results, the behavior of this package is unspecified. AARM Note See Ordered_Maps for a suggested implementation, and for justification of the restrictions regarding "<" and "=". Note that sets only need to store elements, not key/element pairs. The first element of a nonempty set is the one which is less than all the other elements in the set. The last element of a nonempty set is the one which is greater than all the other elements in the set. The successor of an element is the smallest element that is larger than the given element. The predecessor of an element is the largest element that is smaller than the given element. All comparisons are done using the generic formal "<" operator for elements. procedure Delete_First (Container : in out Set); If Container is empty, Delete_First has no effect. Otherwise the element designated by First (Container) is removed from Container. Delete_First tampers with the cursors of Container. procedure Delete_Last (Container : in out Set); If Container is empty, Delete_Last has no effect. Otherwise the element designated by Last (Container) is removed from Container. Delete_Last tampers with the cursors of Container. function Floor (Container : Set; Item : Element_Type) return Cursor; Floor searches for the last element which is not greater than Item. If such an element is found, a cursor that designates it is returned. Otherwise No_Element is returned. function Ceiling (Container : Set; Item : Element_Type) return Cursor; Ceiling searches for the first element which is not less than Item. If such an element is found, a cursor that designates it is returned. Otherwise No_Element is returned. function First_Element (Container : Set) return Element_Type; Equivalent to Element (First (Container)). function Last (Container : Set) return Cursor; Returns a cursor that designates the last node in Container. If Container is empty, returns No_Element. function Last_Element (Container : Set) return Element_Type; Equivalent to Element (Last (Container)). function Previous (Position : Cursor) return Cursor; If Position equals No_Element, then Previous returns No_Element. Otherwise Previous returns a cursor designating the element that precedes the one designated by Position. If Position designates the first element, then Previous returns No_Element. procedure Previous (Position : in out Cursor); Equivalent to Position := Previous (Position). function "<" (Left, Right : Cursor) return Boolean; Equivalent to Element (Left) < Element (Right). function ">" (Left, Right : Cursor) return Boolean; Equivalent to Element (Right) < Element (Left). function "<" (Left : Cursor; Right : Element_Type) return Boolean; Equivalent to Element (Left) < Right. function ">" (Left : Cursor; Right : Element_Type) return Boolean; Equivalent to Right < Element (Left). function "<" (Left : Element_Type; Right : Cursor) return Boolean; Equivalent to Left < Element (Right). function ">" (Left : Element_Type; Right : Cursor) return Boolean; Equivalent to Element (Right) < Left. procedure Reverse_Iterate (Container : in Set; Process : not null access procedure (Position : in Cursor)); Iterates over the elements in Container as per Iterate, with the difference that the elements are traversed in predecessor order, starting with the last node. For any two elements E1 and E2, the boolean values (E1 < E2), (Key(E1) < E2), and (Key(E2) > E1) are all expected to be equal. If Key, Generic_Keys."<", or Generic_Keys.">" behave in some other manner, the behavior of this package is unspecified. Which subprograms of this package call Key, Generic_Keys."<" and Generic_Keys.">", and how many times the functions are called, is unspecified. In addition to the semantics described in A.18.7, the subprograms in package Generic_Keys named Floor, Ceiling, "<", and ">", are equivalent to the corresponding subprograms in the parent package, with the difference that the Key subprogram parameter is compared to elements in the container using the Generic_Keys generic formal relational operators. Implementation Advice If *N* is the length of a set, then the worst-case time complexity of the Insert, Include, Replace, Delete, Exclude and Find operations that take an element parameter should be O((log N)**2) or better. The worst-case time complexity of the subprograms that take a cursor parameter should be O(1). AARM Note: See Ordered_Maps for implementation notes regarding some of the operations of this package. A.18.10 The Package Containers.Indefinite_Vectors The language-defined generic package Containers.Indefinite_Vectors provides a private type Vector and a set of operations. It provides the same operations as the package Containers.Vectors (see A.18.2) does, with the difference that the generic formal Element_Type is indefinite. Static Semantics The declaration of the generic library package Containers.Indefinite_Vectors has the same contents as Containers.Vectors except: * The generic formal Element_Type is indefinite. * The Element parameter of access subprogram Process of Update_Element may be constrained even if Element_Type is unconstrained. A.18.11 The Package Containers.Indefinite_Doubly_Linked_Lists The language-defined generic package Containers.Indefinite_Doubly_Linked_Lists provides private types List and Cursor, and a set of operations for each type. It provides the same operations as the package Containers.Doubly_Linked_Lists (see A.18.3) does, with the difference that the generic formal Element_Type is indefinite. Static Semantics The declaration of the generic library package Containers.Indefinite_Doubly_Linked_Lists has the same contents as Containers.Doubly_Linked_Lists except: * The generic formal Element_Type is indefinite. * The procedure with the profile: procedure Insert (Container : in out List; Before : in Cursor; Position : out Cursor; Count : in Count_Type := 1); is omitted. AARM Note: This procedure is omitted because there is no way to create a default-initialized object of an indefinite type. We considered having this routine insert an empty element similar to the empty elements of a vector, but rejected this possibility because the semantics are fairly complex and very different from the existing case. That would make it more error-prone to convert a container from a definite type to an indefinite type; by omitting the routine completely, any problems will be diagnosed by the compiler. * The Element parameter of access subprogram Process of Update_Element may be constrained even if Element_Type is unconstrained. A.18.12 The Package Containers.Indefinite_Hashed_Maps The language-defined generic package Containers.Indefinite_Hashed_Maps provides a map with the same operations as the package Containers.Hashed_Maps (see A.18.5), with the difference that the generic formal types Key_Type and Element_Type are indefinite. Static Semantics The declaration of the generic library package Containers.Indefinite_Hashed_Maps has the same contents as Containers.Hashed_Maps except: * The generic formal Key_Type is indefinite. * The generic formal Element_Type is indefinite. * The procedure with the profile: procedure Insert (Container : in out Map; Key : in Key_Type; Position : out Cursor; Inserted : out Boolean); is omitted. AARM Note: This procedure is omitted because there is no way to create a default-initialized object of an indefinite type. We considered having this routine insert an empty element similar to the empty elements of a vector, but rejected this possibility because the semantics are fairly complex and very different from the existing case. That would make it more error-prone to convert a container from a definite type to an indefinite type; by omitting the routine completely, any problems will be diagnosed by the compiler. * The Element parameter of access subprogram Process of Update_Element may be constrained even if Element_Type is unconstrained. A.18.13 The Package Containers.Indefinite_Ordered_Maps The language-defined generic package Containers.Indefinite_Ordered_Maps provides a map with the same operations as the package Containers.Ordered (see A.18.6), with the difference that the generic formal types Key_Type and Element_Type are indefinite. Static Semantics The declaration of the generic library package Containers.Indefinite_Ordered_Maps has the same contents as Containers.Ordered_Maps except: * The generic formal Key_Type is indefinite. * The generic formal Element_Type is indefinite. * The procedure with the profile: procedure Insert (Container : in out Map; Key : in Key_Type; Position : out Cursor; Inserted : out Boolean); is omitted. AARM Note: This procedure is omitted because there is no way to create a default-initialized object of an indefinite type. We considered having this routine insert an empty element similar to the empty elements of a vector, but rejected this possibility because the semantics are fairly complex and very different from the existing case. That would make it more error-prone to convert a container from a definite type to an indefinite type; by omitting the routine completely, any problems will be diagnosed by the compiler. * The Element parameter of access subprogram Process of Update_Element may be constrained even if Element_Type is unconstrained. A.18.14 The Package Containers.Indefinite_Hashed_Sets The language-defined generic package Containers.Indefinite_Hashed_Sets provides a set with the same operations as the package Containers.Hashed_Sets (see A.18.8), with the difference that the generic formal type Element_Type is indefinite. Static Semantics The declaration of the generic library package Containers.Indefinite_Hashed_Sets has the same contents as Containers.Hashed_Sets except: * The generic formal Element_Type is indefinite. * The Element parameter of access subprogram Process of Update_Element_Preserving_Key may be constrained even if Element_Type is unconstrained. A.18.15 The Package Containers.Indefinite_Ordered_Sets The language-defined generic package Containers.Indefinite_Ordered_Sets provides a set with the same operations as the package Containers.Ordered_Sets (see A.18.9), with the difference that the generic formal type Element_Type is indefinite. Static Semantics The declaration of the generic library package Containers.Indefinite_Ordered_Sets has the same contents as Containers.Ordered_Sets except: * The generic formal Element_Type is indefinite. * The Element parameter of access subprogram Process of Update_Element_Preserving_Key may be constrained even if Element_Type is unconstrained. A.18.16 Array Sorting The language-defined generic procedures Containers.Generic_Array_Sort and Containers.Generic_Constrained_Array_Sort provide sorting on arbitrary array types. Static Semantics The generic library procedure Containers.Generic_Array_Sort has the following declaration: generic type Index_Type is (<>); type Element_Type is private; type Array_Type is array (Index_Type range <>) of Element_Type; with function "<" (Left, Right : Element_Type) return Boolean is <>; procedure Ada.Containers.Generic_Array_Sort (Container : in out Array_Type); pragma Pure (Ada.Containers.Generic_Array_Sort); Reorders the elements of Container such that the elements are sorted smallest first as determined by the generic formal "<" operator provided. Any exception raised during evaluation of "<" is propagated. AARM Notes This implies swapping the elements, usually including an intermediate copy. This of course means that the elements will be copied. Since the elements are non-limited, this usually will not be a problem. Note that there is Implementation Advice below that the implementation should use a sort that minimizes copying of elements. The sort is not required to be stable (and the fast algorithm required will not be stable). If a stable sort is needed, the user can include the original location of the element as an extra "sort key". We considered requiring the implementation to do that, but it is mostly extra overhead -- usually there is something already in the element that provides the needed stability. The generic library procedure Containers.Generic_Constrained_Array_Sort has the following declaration: generic type Index_Type is (<>); type Element_Type is private; type Array_Type is array (Index_Type) of Element_Type; with function "<" (Left, Right : Element_Type) return Boolean is <>; procedure Ada.Containers.Generic_Constrained_Array_Sort (Container : in out Array_Type); pragma Pure (Ada.Containers.Generic_Constrained_Array_Sort); Reorders the elements of Container such that the elements are sorted smallest first as determined by the generic formal "<" operator provided. Any exception raised during evaluation of "<" is propagated. Implementation Advice The worst-case time complexity of a call on an instantiation of Containers.Generic_Array_Sort or Containers.Generic_Constrained_Array_Sort should be O(N**2) or better, and the average time complexity should be better than O(N**2), where *N* is the length of the Container parameter. AARM Note In other words, we're requiring the use of a sorting algorithm better than O(N**2), such as Quicksort. No Bubble sorts allowed! Containers.Generic_Array_Sort and Containers.Generic_Constrained_Array_Sort should minimize copying of elements. AARM Note - To Be Honest We do not mean "absolutely minimize" here; we're not intending to require a single copy for each element. Rather, we want to suggest that the sorting algorithm chosen is one that does not copy items unnecessarily. Bubble sort would not meet this advice, for instance. !example A.18.2 The Package Containers.Vectors Append is the canonical method for inserting items into a vector container: procedure Copy (A : Array_Subtype) is V : Vector; begin Reserve_Capacity (V, Capacity => A'Length); for I in A'Range loop Append (V, New_Item => A (I)); end loop; ... end Copy; The Reserve_Capacity operation tells the vector object to preallocate an internal array having at least the capacity specified. If you need to perform many repeated insertions, then if you know the ultimate length apriori you should always call Reserve_Capacity beforehand. This is more efficient because it allocates the internal array once, and therefore avoids the repeated reallocation, copying, and deallocation cycles that might be necessary otherwise as the array is expanded. Instead of appending new items to the back of the vector, another technique is to declare the vector object with the requisite length immediately: procedure Copy (A : Array_Subtype) is V : Vector := To_Vector (Count => A'Length); J : Index_Subtype'Base := Index_Subtype'First; begin for I in A'Range loop Replace_Element (V, Index => J, By => A (I)); J := J + 1; end loop; ... end Copy; Here the elements of the vector are initialized to an "empty" value. When the element value is replaced using Replace_Element, the state of the element changes from empty to non-empty. The procedure Set_Length can be used to change the length of a vector outside of a declarative region. (One could use To_Vector too, of course, but it's more efficient to use Set_Length, since that operation allocates a new array only if the capacity of the existing array is too small.) You can use a vector to implement a stack in the traditional way: package Stacks is new Ada.Containers.Vectors (ET); use Stacks; Stack : Stacks.Vector; procedure Push (E : in ET) is begin Append (Stack, New_Item => E); end; function Top return ET is begin return Last_Element (Stack); end; procedure Pop is begin Delete_Last (Stack); end; The Insert_Space operation essentially opens up a "hole" in the middle of the internal array. It's more efficient to do it this way than inserting items one-at-a-time, because the sliding is done only once. For example, we can copy an array (or any other container) into a vector at some arbitrary position like this: procedure Copy (A : in Array_Subtype; V : in out Vector; I : in Extended_Index) is J : Extended_Index := I; begin Insert_Space (V, Before => I, Count => A'Length); -- dig the hole for Index in A'Range loop Replace_Element (V, J, By => A (Index)); -- fill the hole J := J + 1; end loop; ... end Copy; You can think of Clear as "removing" the elements in the container, but of course it does not really remove them. The elements that were formerly active simply now become inactive. In particular, the internal array is not altered, and no "finalization" of the active elements occurs. (Of course, the elements are finalized when the master of the vector object is left.) If this is required, then then user must effect this himself prior to clearing the vector. Here is one way to do that: procedure Finalize (Element : in out My_Element_Type) is ...; procedure My_Clear (V : in out Vector) is begin for I in First_Index (V) .. Last_Index (V) loop Update_Element (V, I, Finalize'Access); end loop; Clear (V); end My_Clear; Here we use the Update_Element modifier, and pass Finalize as the Process parameter. The internal array is managed by the implementation, and there is no requirement that it has any particular capacity; the only requirement is that the actual capacity is the same or larger than the most recent call to Reserve_Capacity. Thus Reserve_Capacity (V, 0) might, but might not, deallocate the internal array. If you want to clear the vector and also deallocate the internal array, you can use Move: procedure Clear_And_Deallocate (V : in out Vector) is V2 : Vector; -- length is 0; assume capacity is 0 begin Clear (V); -- sets length to 0, but capacity > 0 Move (Target => V, Source => V2); -- deallocate V's array end; The internal array that belonged to V is deallocated, and the null (or otherwise small) array of V2 is moved into V. These, however, are exceptional cases. Usually it is best to ignore the existence of the internal array altogther, and just let the container implementation manage memory (other than possibly setting an initial capacity). If some sort of finalization of the last element is necessary prior to its "removal" by a deletion operation, the programmer is responsible for effecting this action prior to calling the operation. As an example, suppose we have a vector whose elements are access objects, and we need to deallocate the element when it is "popped" from the vector using Delete_Last. We can do that like this: procedure Pop (V : in out Vector) is procedure Free is -- Convention Intrinsic. new Ada.Unchecked_Deallocation (T, T_Access); procedure Process (V : in out Vector) is -- Convention Ada. begin Free (V); end Process; begin Update_Element (V, Index => Last_Index (V), Process => Process'Access); Delete_Last (V); end Pop; The First_Index and Last_Index selectors allow iteration over a vector analogous to iteration over an array, using the loop machinery provided by the language: procedure Op (V : in Vector) is procedure Process (E : in Element_Subtype) is ...; begin for I in First_Index (V) .. Last_Index (V) loop Process (E => Element (V, I)); end loop; end Op; We could also use the cursor-based operations to do the same thing. procedure Op (V : in Vector) is procedure Process (E : in Element_Subtype) is ...; I : Cursor := First (V); begin while Has_Element (I) loop Process (E => Element (I)); Next (I); end loop; end Op; Here we iterate over all of the vector elements. Alternatively we could use a passive iterator: procedure Op (V : in Vector) is procedure Process (E : in Element_Subtype) is ...; procedure Process (I : in Cursor) is begin Process (E => Element (I)); end; begin Iterate (V, Process'Access); end Op; The Update_Element operation is very important, as it allows in-place modification of elements. For example, suppose we have a vector whose elements are lists, and we want to append an item to the list element at a specified vector position. We can do that as follows: procedure Append (V : Vector_of_Lists.Vector; I : Index_Subtype; E : Element_Subtype) is procedure Process (L : in out List) is begin Append (L, New_Item => E); end; begin Update_Element (V, Index => I, Process => Process'Access); end; If we have a container whose elements are vectors, we can use Update_Element in combination with Move to insert a vector onto the container without actually copying the vector. (Actually, this is true for all containers -- not just vectors.) Suppose that we have a list of vectors: procedure Op (L : in List_of_Vectors.List) is V : Vector; procedure Move_V (E : in out Vector) is begin Clear (E); -- technically E should already be empty Move (Target => E, Source => V); end; begin Append (V, New_Item => E); ... -- populate vector some more Append (L, New_Item => Empty_Vector); -- Move (don't copy) vector V onto list L: Update_Element (Last (L), Move_V'Access); end; A new, default-initialized vector element is appended to L by Insert, and then immediately replaced by moving the internal array of vector V into that new, empty element, without any copying. If ordinary assignment of elements is acceptable, then Replace_Element allows array-like modification of vector elements: procedure Op (V : in out Vector) is I : Index_Subtype := ...; E : Element_Subtype := ...; begin Insert (V, Before => I, New_Item => E); ... -- modify E some more Replace_Element (V, Index => I, By => E); -- aka V(I) := E; end; All containers are non-limited, and hence allow ordinary assignment. In the unique case of a vector, there is a separate assignment procedure: Assign (Target => V1, Source => V2); The reason is that the model for a vector is that it's implemented using an unconstrained array. During ordinary assignment, the internal array is deallocated (during controlled finalization), and then a new internal array is allocated (during controlled adjustment) to store a copy of the elements from the source vector. However, assignment would probably be more efficient if it were able to hold on to the existing array, and simply copy the elements of the source onto that array, instead of having to allocate a new one. This is exactly how Assign works. A.18.3 The Package Containers.Doubly_Linked_Lists You can use a doubly-linked list to implement a queue in the traditional way: package Queues is new Ada.Containers.Doubly_Linked_Lists (ET); use Queues; Queue : Queues.List; procedure Push (E : in ET) is begin Append (Queue, New_Item => E); end; function Top return ET is begin return First_Element (Queue); end; procedure Pop is begin Delete_First (Queue); end; The doubly-linked list container allows iteration in both directions. To iterate forward you start at first and increment the cursor: procedure Op (L : in List) is C : Cursor := First (L); begin while Has_Element (C) loop Process (C); Next (C); end loop; end; To iterate in reverse you start at last and decrement the cursor: procedure Op (L : in List) is C : Cursor := Last (C); begin while Has_Element (C) loop Process (C); Previous (C); end loop; end; Note that in both cases the iteration terminates by falling off the end of the list, at which point the cursor assumes the distinguished value No_Element, and Has_Element returns False. All of the containers have an operation to swap a pair of elements in the container: procedure Swap (V : in out Vector_Of_Lists.Vector; I, J : in Extended_Index) is begin Vector_Of_Lists.Swap (V, I, J); -- vector operation end; For the definite form (the case here), this will make a copy of the element in order to perform the swap. However, we would prefer not to make a copy of this element, which is a list and hence potentially large (or otherwise expensive to copy). To avoid making a copy, we can use Move and nested processing routines: procedure Swap (V : in out Vector_Of_Lists.Vector; I, J : in Extended_Index) is procedure Process_I (IE : in out List) is procedure Process_J (JE : in out List) is IE_Temp : List; begin Move (Target => IE_Temp, Source => IE); Move (Target => IE, Source => JE); Move (Target => JE, Source => IE_Temp); end; begin Update_Element (V, Index => J, Process => Process_J'Access); end; begin Update_Element (V, Index => I, Process => Process_I'Access); end Swap; To do the swap, we need direct visibility to both objects, so nested process procedures are required. We first move the list element at index I of the vector into a temporary. This allows another vector to by copied into that index position. We do that, moving the list element at index J into (empty) list element at index I. We then move the temporary (holding the list that was originally at index I) into the vector at index position J. It's often the case that during an insertion you don't have an item value to assign to the new element, and instead you want simply to insert a new element (initialized to the default value for its type, if applicable) and then modify it directly. For example: procedure Op (L : in out List) is procedure Process (E : in out ET) is begin ... -- manipulate E as appropriate end; C : Cursor; begin Insert -- Allocate new element (Container => L, Before => No_Element, -- Insert at back end Position => C); -- Return value -- Modify default-initialized value: Update_Element (C, Process'Access); end Op; A.18.5 The Package Containers.Hashed_Maps It's often the case that you know apriori the total number of elements you intend to insert into the map. Under these circumstances you should always Reserve_Capacity the map first (similar to a vector container), and then perform the insertions. This preallocates a hash table that has the proper capacity, and thus avoids the automatic rehashing that occurs during normal insertion to preserve the load factor. For example: procedure Op (N : Count_Type) is M : Map_Types.Map; -- Capacity = 0 (or small) Position : Map_Types.Cursor; Inserted : Boolean; begin Reserve_Capacity (M, Capacity => N); -- Capacity >= N for I in 1 .. N loop Insert -- no expansion and rehashing will occur (Container => Map, Key => New_Key (I), New_Item => New_Element (I), Position => Position, Inserted => Inserted); end loop; ... end Op; Note that Clear doesn't delete the internal hash table -- it just deletes the nodes hanging off the hash table. The simplest and fastest way to iterate over all the elements in the map is to use a passive iterator: procedure Op (M : in Map_Types.Map) is procedure Process (C : in Map_Types.Cursor) is K : Key_Subtype := Key (C); E : Element_Subtype := Element (C); begin ... -- do whatever end; begin Iterate (M, Process'Access); end; You could of course implement this function yourself, by iterating over the items in the map: procedure Op (M : in Map_Types.Map) is procedure Process (C : in Map_Types.Cursor) is ...; C : Map_Types.Cursor := First (M); begin while Has_Element (C) loop Process (C); Next (C); end loop; end Op; However, a manual loop probably isn't as efficient as a passive iterator (especially for a hashed map), because the passive iterator can store implementation-specific context in order to find elements in sequence more quickly. Generic algorithms are typically written to work with iterators this way: generic type Cursor is private; with function Next (C : Cursor) return Cursor is <>; with procedure Process (C : Cursor) is <>; with function Has_Element (C : Cursor) return Boolean is <>; procedure Generic_Algorithm (First : in Cursor); The implementation would look something like this: procedure Generic_Algorithm (First : in Cursor) is C : Cursor := First; begin while Has_Element (C) loop ... Process (C); ... C := Next (C); end loop; end Generic_Algorithm; The benefit is that this algorithm will work with any "sequence of items," which just means any container with a cursor having the requisite properties, as specified in the generic formal region. The virtue of this approach is that it abstracts-away the container. The generic algorithm above (and others like it) works with all the containers in the library -- it even works for built-in array types. To make this work with a map, we can just instantiate with an appropriate Process operation: procedure Op (M : in Map_Types.Map) is procedure Process (C : Cursor) is ...; procedure Algorithm is new Generic_Algorithm (Map_Types.Cursor); -- accept defaults begin Algorithm (First (Map)); end; In a POSIX OS that supports real-time signals, the OS will deliver a payload-carrying signal to the app. In the case of a socket, when I/O completes asynchronously, the OS delivers an RT signal that specifies the file descriptor of the socket whose I/O completed. The problem is that I typically declare the socket as part the representation of some abstraction that gets allocated dynamically, and therefore I have no idea which object the socket belonged to, so I have no idea how to act on the information the OS is providing me. The abstraction I have in mind looks like this: package Sessions is type Session_Type (<>) is limited private; function Session_Access is access all Session_Type; function Setup_Session return Session_Type; -- ctor procedure Play (Session : access Session_Type; Stream : in String); ... procedure IO_Completion (Session : access Session_Type); private type Session_Type is limited record Socket : Socket_Type; ...; end Session_Type; end Sessions; What I need to do is correlate the file descriptor reported in the RT signal to a session object. With a map it's almost trivial. In the body I can instantiate the map as follows. First we make a hash function for socket descriptors: function Hash_FD (fd : in C.int) return Ada.Containers.Hash_Type is begin return Ada.Containers.Hash_Type (fd); -- fd > 0 end; Next we instantiate the hashed map package using our hash function: package FD_Map_Types is new Ada.Containers.Hashed_Maps (Key_Type => C.int, Element_Type => Session_Access, Hash => Hash_FD, Equivalent_Keys => C."="); Now I can declare a map object in the body: package Sessions is ... FD_Map : FD_Map_Types.Map; When I allocate a new session object, this opens the socket. A socket object has a selector function to return its file descriptor. I use this as the key to insert the session object into the map: function Setup_Session return Session_Access is Session : constant Session_Access := new Session_Type; Position : FD_Map_Types.Cursor; Inserted : Boolean; begin Open (Session.Socket, ...); Insert (Container => FD_Map, Key => FD (Session.Socket), New_Item => Session, Position => Position, Inserted => Inserted); ... return Session; end; Now that the session object has inserted itself into the map, I can use map lookup to find that session when I receive a signal. Something like: procedure Handle_Signal (Siginfo : in Siginfo_Type) FD : constant C.int := Siginfo.FD; C : constant Cursor := Find (FD_Map, Key => FD); begin if C /= No_Element then -- if search was successful IO_Completion (Element (C)); end if; end Handle_Signal; and then the session object reacts to the I/O completion accordingly. Hashed maps with type String as the key are nearly ubiquitous. The canonical example is of course the word-frequency problem, in which "words" (using some suitable definition of delimiter) are counted as they are scanned in the input stream. We can solve this problem easily using the indefinite form of the hashed map, with string as the key and subtype Natural as the element: with Ada.Strings.Hash_String; package Wordcount_Maps is new Ada.Containers.Indefinite_Hashed_Maps (Key_Type => String, Element_Type => Natural, Hash => Ada.Strings.Hash, -- case-sensitive Equivalent_Keys => "="); -- case-sensitive); Wordcount_Map : Wordcount_Maps.Map; Here we've specified the hash function for strings provided by the library. The scanning phase looks like this: Open (File, In_File, Name); Scan_Lines: while not End_Of_File (File) loop Get_Line (File, Line, Line_Last); Line_First := Line'First; Scan_Line: loop Find_Token (Line (Line_First .. Line_Last), ...); exit when Word_Last = 0; -- the interesting part happens here: Insert (Word => Line (Word_First .. Word_Last)); Line_First := Word_Last + 1; end loop Scan_Line; end loop Scan_Lines; Now all we have to do is implement Insert. That function looks like this: procedure Insert (Word : String) is procedure Increment (Word : in String; Count : in out Natural) is begin Count := Count + 1; end; Position : Wordcount_Maps.Cursor; Inserted : Boolean; begin -- Insert Insert (Container => Wordcount_Map, Key => To_Lower (Word), New_Item => 0, -- yes Position => Position, Inserted => Inserted); Update_Element (Position, Increment'Access); end Insert; Map (and set) insertion works conditionally. It searches the container to determine whether there is an equivalent key already in the map. Note that in the example above, the New_Item parameter has the value 0. This is deliberate. What happens is that if the word is already in the map, then the insertion "fails" in the sense that no new node is allocated. Rather, Insert reports the fact that the key was already in the map (by returning the value False for Inserted), and a cursor that designates the node with the matching key. But not inserting a new node is exactly the behavior we want. In the case of a word already in the map, the cursor returned designates an existing word/count pair, whose count is non-zero. When we update the count object, we simply increment its value. However, the word might not be in the map, in which case the insertion "succeeds," which means a new node is inserted whose element is initialized to the value of New_Item, which here is 0. Position designates the newly-inserted element (really, it designates the node containing that key/element pair). When we update the element, the count has the value 0, and so by incrementing it the count gets set to the correct value 1. Conditional insertion is a necessary feature of any efficient map abstraction. It makes no sense to search for the element (via Find, say) to determine whether it's in the map, and if it's not in the map call a separate operation to insert it. This would be horribly inefficient because the lookup done by insert would only duplicate the lookup just done by the search. To dump the contents of the map, you can use the passive iterator: declare procedure Process (C : in Wordcount_Maps.Cursor) is begin Put (Key (C)); Put (':'); Put (Element (C)); New_Line; end; begin Iterate (Map, Process'Access); end; This would display the words in their order in the hashed map. That's probably not what you want (especially for a well-performing hash table, which would scatter keys everywhere), which is to display them in order by frequency. We can do that easily enough by populating an array with map cursors, and then sorting the array according to element value: procedure Print_Results (Histogram : in Wordcount_Map) is type Cursor_Array is array (Count_Type range <>) of Wordcount_Maps.Cursor; Cursors : Cursor_Array (1 .. Length (Histogram)); I : Count_Type := Cursors'First; procedure Process (C : in Wordcount_Maps.Cursor) is begin Cursors (I) := C; I := Count_Type'Succ (I); end; begin -- Print_Results Iterate (Histogram, Process'Access); -- Populate array ... -- see below end Print_Results; Here we use the passive iterator for maps to populate the array. As with all containers, it's usually simpler and more efficient to use a passive iterator if you're going to traverse all the elements in the container. We now need to sort the array of cursors, and to do that we need an order relation for cursors. We want to sort the elements in reverse order, so that largest histogram count is listed first in the output. We can define the order relation like this: Sort_Array: declare function "<" (L, R : Wordcount_Maps.Cursor) return Boolean is begin return Element (L) > Element (R); -- yes end; procedure Sort is new Generic_Array_Sort (Index_Type => Count_Type, Element_Type => Word_Count_Maps.Cursor, Array_Type => Cursor_Array); -- accept "<" default begin Sort (Cursors); end Sort_Array; We can do better though: suppose that for counts that are equal, we want break the tie by listing the items in alphabetic order of the words. We only have fix our order relation to compare keys, too: Sort_Array: declare function "<" (L, R : Wordcount_Maps.Cursor) return Boolean is begin if Element (L) = Element (R) then return Key (L) < Key (R); -- compare String else return Element (L) > Element (R); -- compare Integer end if; end; procedure Sort is new Generic_Array_Sort (Index_Type => Count_Type, Element_Type => Word_Count_Maps.Cursor, Array_Type => Cursor_Array); -- accept "<" default begin Sort (Cursors); end Sort_Array; To display the results, we iterate through the sorted cursor array: Print_Array: for Index in Cursors'Range loop declare C : constant Wordcount_Maps.Cursor := Cursors (Index); begin Put (Element (C), Width => 0); -- the count Put (':'); Put (Key (C)); --the word New_Line; end; end loop Print_Array; As another example, consider a client that connects to a streaming media server to play a video. The server opens the file and then transmits frames to the client. Ultra-efficient file I/O is usually done by memory-mapping the sections on disk. Typically, a server maintains its own file cache, so that many clients streaming the same file can share the memory-mapped sections. When the client request comes in, the server must look up the file by name in order to see if it's in cache. If it's already in cache, then we increment a reference count. If it's not, we create some context for the file and create a new entry for it in the cache. Suppose the context type looks like this: type Context_Type is limited record File : File_Type; Ref_Count : Natural; ...; end record; type Context_Access is access Context_Type; Our cache is just a map, indexed by file name: package File_Cache_Types is new Ada.Containers.Indefinite_Hashed_Maps (Key_Type => String, Element_Type => Context_Access, Hash => Hash_String_Case_Insensitive, Equivalent_Keys => Equal_String_Case_Insensitive); File_Cache : File_Cache_Types.Map; The naive way to implement the lookup is: procedure Setup (Name : in String) is Position : File_Cache_Types.Cursor := Find (File_Cache, Key => Name); Inserted : Boolean; Context : Context_Access; begin -- Setup if Position = No_Element then Context := new Context_Type; Context.Ref_Count := 0; ... -- init Context Insert (Container => File_Cache, Key => Name, New_Item => Context, Position => Cursor, Inserted => Inserted); else Context := Element (Position); end if; Context.Ref_Count := Context.Ref_Count + 1; ... -- use Context end Setup; The problem is that we're duplicating work: we first searched for the file context in the cache, and if it wasn't found we insert a new entry, which just searches again. The correct way to do this is as follows: procedure Setup (Name : in String) is Position : File_Cache_Types.Cursor; Not_In_Cache : Boolean; Context : Context_Access; begin Insert (Container => File_Cache, Key => Name, New_Item => null, -- yes Position => Position, Inserted => Not_In_Cache); if Not_In_Cache then pragma Assert (Element (Position) = null); Context := new Context_Type; Context.Ref_Count := 0; ... -- init context Replace_Element (Position, By => Context); else Context := Element (Position); end if; Context.Ref_Count := Context.Ref_Count + 1; ... -- use context end Setup; Here we make an insertion attempt, by trying to insert a null context into the map. If it's already in the map, then the insertion fails, but that's just what we want to happen, because we wish to share the file already in cache. If it's not in the map, the insertion succeeds, by creating a slot for this file (the context is null), which we just fill in with a newly-allocated context object. In the RTSP protocol, requests are sent to a server in (clear) text. To create a session, a client connects to the server and sends it a SETUP request, e.g. SETUP rtsp://mheaney/thematrix.avi RTSP/1.0 Transport: ... Each RTSP session has a "session id," which is a random string of characters at least 8 characters long. When a SETUP request doesn't specify a session id, this is interpreted to mean that the client wishes to create a new session. On the server side, it allocates a session object (described above), and generates a session id for it. The representation of the session object looks like this: type Session_Type is limited record Id : String (1 .. 8); ...; end record; And the session constructor looks like: function Setup_Session return Session_Access is Session : constant Session_Access := new Session_Type; begin Generate_Id (Session.Id); ... -- see below end; The server responds by including the session id in the response: RTSP/1.0 200 OK Session: HAiye8-r And thereafter, a client sends requests to a session by specifying a session id header: PLAY rtsp://mheaney/thematrix.avi RTSP/1.0 Range: npt=101.42- Session: HAiye8-r The server-side problem is this. When the server receives the request from the client, it parses the request and looks for a session id. The problem then becomes finding the session object that is associated with that unique id. There might very well be hundreds of session objects, so whatever method we use has to run fast. (The is a real-time streaming server, and RTSP request/response overhead must be kept to a minimum.) What we do is declare a string-key map object that uses the session id as the key, and a Session_Access as the element, like this: package Id_Maps is new Ada.Containers.Indefinite_Hashed_Maps (Key_Type => String, Element_Type => Session_Access, Hash => Ada.Strings.Hash, -- case-sensitive Equivalent_Keys => "="); -- case-sensitive Id_Map : Id_Maps.Map; use Id_Maps; When the session is allocated, we insert the id/session pair into the map like this: function Setup_Session return Session_Access is Session : constant Session_Access := new Session_Type; Position : Id_Map_Types.Cursor; Inserted : Boolean; begin Generate_Id (Session.Id); Insert (Container => Id_Map, Key => Session.Id, New_Item => Session, Position => Position, Inserted => Inserted); ... return Session; end; When a client issues a request, we parse out the session id, and then forward the command to the session object associated with that session id key: procedure Play (Session_Id : in String; NPT_Range : in NPT_Range_Type; RTSP_Status : out RTSP_Status_Type) is Position : constant Cursor := Find (Id_Map, Key => Session_Id); Session : Session_Access; begin if Position = No_Element then RTSP_Status := RTSP.Session_Not_Found; return; end if; Session := Element (Position); Play (Session, NPT_Range, RTSP_Status); end; When we create a session object, we insert a pointer to the session object in the Id_Map. The complementary problem is how to handle deletion of the session object. Suppose we have a function like this: procedure Free (X : in out Session_Access); What's the best way to remove the object from the map? Since the session knows its own Id, it can use the key-form of Delete: procedure Free (X : in out Session_Access) is begin if X /= null then Delete (Id_Map, Key => X.Id); Deallocate (X); end if; end; Another option is to use the cursor-form of Delete. What we can do is cache the cursor returned by Insert as part of the state of the session object: function Setup_Session return Session_Access is Session : constant Session_Access := new Session_Type; Inserted : Boolean; begin Generate_Id (Session.Id); Insert (Container => Id_Map, Key => Session.Id, New_Item => Session, Position => Session.Id_Map_Position, Inserted => Inserted); pragma Assert (Inserted); pragma Assert (Key (Session.Id_Map_Position) = Session.Id); pragma Assert (Element (Session.Id_Map_Position) = Session); ... return Session; end Setup_Session; Now we can implement Free this way: procedure Free (X : in out Session_Access) is begin if X /= null then Delete (Id_Map, Position => X.Id_Map_Position); Deallocate (X); end if; end; This turns out to be a very common idiom. In the body of a package that declares a type, you declare a set or map container to keep track of instances of the type. As part of its representation, the type includes a cursor that designates the node that contains this instance. When the object is finalized, it deletes itself from the container. In the examples we've seen, the session object inserts itself into the map during the constructor function Setup_Session, and deletes itself during the destructor operation Free. If the type is controlled, another possibility is to do the insertion during Initialize, and the deletion during Finalize. This technique would work even for stack-allocated (controlled) objects. Let's pretend Free doesn't remove the designated session object from the map, but rather has its traditional semantics of merely deallocating the object. To shutdown all the sessions, we could do this: Id_Map : Id_Map_Types.Map; ... procedure Shutdown_Sessions is procedure Process (C : in Id_Map_Types.Cursor) is begin Update_Element (C, Free'Access); -- Free a session. end; begin -- Shutdown_Sessions Iterate (Id_Map, Process'Access); -- Free all sessions. Clear (Id_Map); end Shutdown_Sessions; The passive iterator visits all the sessions in the map and Free's them; this also sets all of the map elements to null. We then Clear the map, which sets its length to 0. In other examples, we have been silent about the operation of Generate_Id, which makes a session id for us comprising a sequence of 8 random characters. One of our requirements for a session id is that it must be unique among all the sessions currently being streamed by this server. Even if we use a random number generator to synthesize characters, we still must check to ensure that this session id is unique. The obvious way is to use Find to see if it's in the map already: procedure Generate_Id (Id : out Id_Subtype) is Position : Id_Maps.Cursor; begin loop Synthesize_Random_String (Id); Position := Find (Id_Map, Key => Id); exit when Position = No_Element; -- good: not found end loop; end Generate_Id; The constructor for session objects generates a unique session id, and then uses the id as the key when inserting the new session object: function Setup_Session return Session_Access is I : Id_Maps.Cursor; B : Boolean; Session : Session_Access := new Session_Type; begin Generate_Id (Session.Id); -- Id is guaranteed to be unique Insert (Container => Id_Map, Key => Session.Id, Element => Session, Position => I, Inserted => B); ... end Setup_Session; One issue with this algorithm is that Insert duplicates the work done just earlier by Find, when checking the newly-synthesized id for uniqueness. A simpler way to efficiently generate a unique session id and insert it into the map is to just check whether the insertion succeeded: function Setup_Session return Session_Access is Position : Id_Maps.Cursor; Inserted : Boolean; Id : Id_Subtype; begin -- Setup_Session loop Generate_Id (Id); Insert (Container => Id_Map, Key => Id, Position => Position, Inserted => Inserted); exit when Inserted; end loop; ... end Setup_Session; Here we don't need a separate call to Find, because the regular Insert operation does a search anyway. A.18.9 The Package Containers.Ordered_Sets Suppose we have a set and want to copy the elements from the set into an array. Here's one way to do it: procedure Op (S : in Integer_Sets.Set) is A : Integer_Array (1 .. Length (S)); I : Integer_Sets.Cursor := First (S); J : Positive := A'First; begin while Has_Element (I) loop A (J) := Element (I); Next (I); J := J + 1; end loop; ... end Op; Here we're incrementing both the array index and the set cursor manually. However, when you're iterating over two containers simultaneously, you can often let one or the other drive the iteration, so that only one position needs to be incremented manually. We can change the example use a built-in for loop: procedure Op (S : in Integer_Sets.Set) is A : Integer_Array (1 .. Length (S)); I : Integer_Sets.Cursor := First (S); begin for J in A'Range loop A (J) := Element (I); Next (I); end loop; ... end Op; This lets the array drive the iteration. In general, however, you should use a passive iterator in preference to an explicit loop. The reason is that if a container knows that its elements are being traversed sequentially, then it can use a traversal algorithm that takes advantage of that container's unique representation. The algorithm above might run faster if we do this: procedure Op (S : in Integer_Sets.Set) is A : Integer_Array (1 .. Length (S)); J : Positive := A'First; procedure Fill_Element_of_A (I : Integer_Sets.Cursor) is begin A (J) := Element (I); J := J + 1; end; begin Iterate (S, Fill_Element_of_A'Access); ... end Op; This lets the set drive the iteration. Let's continue the streaming server examples from earlier. In TCP, a client "connects" to a server, who is "listening" on a port known to the client. When the server "accepts" the connection, this establishes a dedicated connection with that client. We can reify this in code as follows: package Connections is type Connection_Type (<>) is limited private; type Connection_Access is access Connection_Type; function Accept_Connection (Socket : Socket_Type) return Connection_Access; -- the ctor for connection objects ... end Connections; We have a need to keep track of all of our current connections. So when we create a new connection object, what we do is insert it in a set: package body Connections is function "<" (L, R : Connection_Access) return Boolean is begin return L.all'Address < R.all'Address; end; package Connection_Sets is new Ada.Containers.Ordered_Sets (Connection_Access); Connection_Set : Connection_Sets.Set; function Accept_Connection (Socket : Socket_Type) return Connection_Access is Connection : constant Connection_Access := new Connect_Type; Position : Connection_Sets.Cursor; Inserted : Boolean; begin Insert (Container => Connection_Set, New_Item => Connection, Position => Position, Inserted => Inserted); ... return Connection; end; ... end Connections; When a new connection object is allocated, it is inserted into the Connection_Set. Here insertions will always succeed because each allocated object has a unique access value. Now let's suppose we want to shutdown a specific connection. We can do it like this: procedure Shutdown (X : in out Connection_Access) is begin if X /= null then Delete (Connection_Set, Item => X); Free (X); end if; end Shutdown; Here we use the item-form of Delete to simply remove the item from the set, and then deallocate it. Now let's suppose we want to shutdown the entire system, and so we need to clear out all of the connection objects. We could do it like this: procedure Shutdown_Connections is X : Connection_Access; begin while not Is_Empty (Connection_Set) loop X := First_Element (Connection_Set); Shutdown (X); --removes X from Connection_Set (see above) end loop; end Shutdown_Connections; Another technique would be to use an active iterator, like this: procedure Shutdown_Connections is I : Cursor; X : Connection_Access; begin while not Is_Empty (Connection_Set) loop I := First (Connect_Set); X := Element (I); Delete (Connection_Set, Position => I); Free (X); end loop; end Shutdown_Connections; Here we use the cursor-form of Delete. This is probably more efficient than using the item-form of Delete, since the cursor-form doesn't have to search for the item. There are special set operations to operate on the first element. Using those would simplify this example: procedure Shutdown_Connections is X : Connection_Access; begin while not Is_Empty (Connection_Set) loop X := First_Element (Connect_Set); Delete_First (Connection_Set); Free (X); end loop; end Shutdown_Connections; One of the canonical container examples is the set-of-employees. Suppose we have an employee type defined this way: type Employee_Type is record SSN : SSN_Type; -- social security no. Name : Name_Type; Home_Address : Home_Address_Type; ...; end record; To make a set, we need to establish an order relationship for its elements. Since each social security number is presumably unique (unless your identity has been stolen), we can use that to define an order for Employee_Type: function "<" (L, R : Employee_Type) return Boolean is begin return L.SSN < R.SSN; end; This allows us to instantiate the set in the normal way: package Employee_Sets is new Ada.Containers.Ordered_Sets (Employee_Type); Employees : Employee_Sets.Set; When someone gets a job at our firm, we add them to our little database as follows: procedure Hire (Name : Name_Type; SSN : SSN_Type; ...) is Employee : Employee_Type; Position : Employee_Sets.Cursor; Inserted : Boolean; begin Employee.SSN := SSN; Employee.Name := Name; ... Insert (Employees, Employee, Position, Inserted); end; Now let's suppose that we need to modify some information for an employee. Like a map, a set orders its elements in key order, except that for a set the element is its own key. In the example here, the key is really the SSN part of the employee object. Suppose we only know the employee's social security number. How do we find that employee? Remember that the "key" of a set is just the element itself. One way is to synthesize a dummy employee object, and then look it up by element type: procedure Change_Address (SSN : SSN_Type; New_Home : Home_Address_Type) is Position : Cursor; begin declare Dummy : Employee_Type; begin Dummy.SSN := SSN; Position := Find (Employees, Item => Dummy); end; if Has_Element (Position) then ...; end; But this is kind of a hack. I don't really want to make a dummy element just to look up the real element. For many types synthesizing a dummy object this way might not even be possible (say, because the type is private and you only have visibility to the partial view of the type). A much more elegant technique is to use the nested generic package Generic_Keys, which allows you to explicitly name the key-part of the element. We can instantiate that package like this: function "<" (Employee : Employee_Type; SSN : SSN_Type) return Boolean is begin return Employee.SSN < SSN; end; function ">" (Employee : Employee_Type; SSN : SSN_Type) return Boolean is begin return Employee.SSN > SSN; end; function SSN (Employee : Employee_Type) return SSN_Type is begin return Employee.SSN; end; package SSN_Keys is new Employee_Sets.Generic_Keys (SSN_Type, Key => SSN); -- Use defaults for other parameters With this new package we can now look up the employee by his SSN directly: procedure Change_Address (SSN : SSN_Type; New_Home : Home_Address_Type) is Position : Cursor := Find (Employees, Key => SSN); begin if Has_Element (Position) then ...; end; To actually change the employee's address in the example above, we use the special element modifier operation: procedure Change_Address (SSN : SSN_Type; New_Home : Home_Address_Type) is procedure Set_Home (Employee : in out Employee_Type) is begin Employee.Home := New_Home; end; Position : Cursor := Find (Employees, Key => SSN); begin if Has_Element (Position) then SSN_Keys.Update_Element_Preserving_Key (Container => Employees, Position => Position, Process => Set_Home'Address); ... end if; end Change_Address; Modifying a set element requires special handling, since a set orders its elements by key. Indiscriminate changes to element values are therefore not allowed, as this would break the set abstraction if the order relation were changed. The operation Update_Element_Preserving_Key allows the element to be modified, but it checks to determine whether the key has changed, and if so raises Program_Error. In this example we only modify the Home component of the Element_Type record, so the key portion is not changed and no exception will be raised. Now let's say that the employee's wallet was stolen, which contained his social security card. In order to prevent identity theft, he needs to apply for a new social security number, and then change his entry in the database. This can be done by first copying the employee object and removing it from the set, then changing the value of its SSN field, and finally (re)inserting the element: procedure Change_SSN (Old_SSN : SSN_Type; New_SSN : SSN_Type) is Old_Position, New_Position : Cursor; Inserted : Boolean; begin if New_SSN = Old_SSN then return; end if; Old_Position := Find (Employees, Key => Old_SSN); if not Has_Element (Old_Position) then return; end if; New_Position := Find (Employees, Key => New_SSN); if Has_Element (New_Position) then raise Duplicate_SSN; end if; declare Employee : Employee_Type := Element (Old_Position); begin Delete (Employees, Old_Position); Employee.SSN := New_SSN; Insert (Employees, Employee, New_Position, Inserted); pragma Assert (Inserted); end; end Change_SSN; Suppose now we want a list all the employees in the firm. One way to do it is like this: procedure Display is procedure Print (I : in Employee_Sets.Cursor) is procedure Do_Print (E : in Employee_Type) is begin Put ("Name: "); Put (E.Name); Put ("SSN: "); Put (E.SSN); ...; end; begin Query_Element (Position => I, Process => Do_Print'Access); end; begin Iterate (Employees, Print'Access); end; However, this will list employees in order of their social security number. This is probably not what we want, which is to print employees in order of name. One way would be to copy the elements into some other container, which is sorted according to the criterion we desire. However, if elements are large or otherwise not easily copied, then this is not not really an option. A much better way is not to copy elements directly but rather to copy cursors that designate those elements: procedure Display_Employees_In_Name_Order is function "<" (L, R : Employee_Sets.Cursor) return Boolean is Result : Boolean; procedure Process_LE (LE : in Employee_Type) is procedure Process_RE (RE : in Employee_Type) is begin Result := LE.Name < RE.Name; end; begin Query_Element (R, Process_RE'Access); end Process_LE; begin Query_Element (L, Process_LE'Access); return Result; end; type Cursor_Array is array (Count_Type range <>) of Employee_Sets.Cursor; procedure Sort is new Generic_Array_Sort (Count_Type, Cursor, Cursor_Array); procedure Do_Print (E : in Employee_Type) is begin Put ("Name: "); Put (E.Name); Put ("SSN: "); Put (E.SSN); ...; end; C : Employee_Sets.Cursor := First (Employee_Sets); function Get_Cursor return Employee_Sets.Cursor is Result : Cursor := C; begin Next (C); return Result; end; Cursors : Cursor_Array (1 .. Length (Employee_Set)) := (others => Get_Cursor); begin Sort (Cursors); for Index in Cursors'Range loop C := Cursors (Index); Query_Element (Position => C, Process => Do_Print'Access); end loop; end Display_Employees_In_Name_Order; First we use an active iterator for sets to insert a cursor designating every employee into the array. Next we define an order for relation for the array elements, which here are just set cursors. We wish to print employees in order of name, so the order relation for cursors is defined in terms of the names of the employees designated by the cursors. Implementing the sort order relation turns out to slightly tricky, because we don't want to make a copy of the employee just do get its name. We use nested process routines for Query_Element to create a context in which both employee objects are directly visible, and then compare employee names by querying the employee elements directly. Now that the employees (really, cursors that designate the employees) have been sorted, we loop to traverse all the set cursors, and print each employee (in name order) in turn. In you were paying very careful attention to the Id_Map hashed-map example, you might have realized that since the session object (which was the element of the map) had an Id field, we were in fact duplicating the Id object, since it's also stored as the key-part of the map entry. In turns out we didn't really need to use a map. We could have used a set, and instantiated the generic package Generic_Keys using type String as the formal Key_Type. function "<" (L, R : Session_Access) return Boolean is begin return L.Id < R.Id; end; package Session_Set_Types is new Ada.Containers.Ordered_Sets (Session_Access); -- instead of Id_Map, use a set to store sessions: Session_Set : Session_Set_Types.Set; function "<" (Session : Session_Access; Id : String) return Boolean is begin return Session.Id < Id; end; function ">" (Session : Session_Access; Id : String) return Boolean is begin return Session.Id > Id; end; function Id (Session : Session_Access) return String is begin return Session.Id; end; package Id_Keys is new Session_Set_Types.Generic_Keys (String, Key => Id); This lets us perform session lookups based on the session identifier: procedure Play (Session_Id : in String; NPT_Range : in NPT_Range_Type; RTSP_Status : out RTSP_Status_Type) is Position : constant Session_Set_Types.Cursor := Id_Keys.Find (Session_Set, Key => Session_Id); Session : Session_Access; begin if Position = No_Element then RTSP_Status := RTSP.Session_Not_Found; return; end if; Session := Element (Position); Play (Session, NPT_Range, RTSP_Status); end; We can insert a session object into the set in the normal way, using the item-form of insertion: function Setup_Session return Session_Access is Session : constant Session_Access := new Session_Type; -- allocate Position : Session_Set_Types.Cursor; Inserted : Boolean; begin Generate_Id (Session.Id); Insert (Container => Sessions_Set, New_Item => Session, -- element, has its own key Position => Position, Inserted => Inserted); ... return Session; end; This example also illustrates that sets and maps are essentially the same. The only real difference is where the key lives. !comment We assume that AI-344 is included in the Amendment in the wording !comment below. !corrigendum A.4.9 @dinsc @i<@s8> The library function Strings.Hash has the following declaration: @xcode<@b Ada.Containers; @b Ada.Strings.Hash (Key : String) @b Containers.Hash_Type; @b Pure (Ada.Strings.Hash);> @xindent The library function Strings.Unbounded.Hash has the following declaration: @xcode<@b Ada.Containers; @b Ada.Strings.Unbounded.Hash (Key : Unbounded_String) @b Containers.Hash_Type; @b Preelaborate (Ada.Strings.Unbounded.Hash);> @xindent @i<@s8> The various Hash functions should be good hash functions, returning a wide spread of values for different string values. It should be unlikely for similar strings to return the same value. !corrigendum A.18 @dinsc This clause presents the specifications of the package Containers and several child packages, which provide facilities for storing collections of elements. A variety of sequence and associative containers are provided. Each container includes a @i type. A cursor is a reference to an element within a container. Many operations on cursors are common to all of the containers. Within this clause we provide Implementation Advice for the desired average or worst case time complexity of certain operations on a container. This advice is expressed using a big-O notation. A complexity of O(f(N)), presuming f is some function of a length parameter N and t(N) is the time the operation takes (on average or worst case, as specified) for the length N, means that there exists a finite A such that for any N, t(N)/f(N) < A. If the advice suggests that the complexity should be less than O(f(N)), then for any arbitrarily small positive real D, there should exist a positive integer M such that for all N > M, t(N)/f(N) < D. !corrigendum A.18.1 @dinsc The package Containers is the root of the containers subsystem. @i<@s8> The library package Containers has the following declaration: @xcode<@b Ada.Containers @b @b Pure(Containers); @b Hash_Type @b @ft<@i>; @b Count_Type @b 0 .. @ft<@i>; @b Ada.Containers;> Hash_Type represents the range of the result of a hash function. Count_Type represents the (potential or actual) number of elements of a container. @i<@s8> Hash_Type'Modulus should be at least 2**32. Count_Type'Last should be at least 2**31-1. !corrigendum A.18.2 @dinsc The language-defined generic package Containers.Vectors provides private types Vector and Cursor, and a set of operations for each type. A vector container allows insertion and deletion at any position, but it is specifically optimized for insertion and deletion at the high end (the end with the higher index) of the container. A vector container also provides random access to its elements. A vector container behaves conceptually as an array that expands as necessary as items are inserted. The @i of a vector is the number of elements that the vector contains. The @i of a vector is the maximum number of elements that can be inserted into the vector prior to it being automatically expanded. A vector container may contain @i. Empty elements do not have a specified value. @i<@s8> The generic library package Containers.Vectors has the following declaration: @xcode<@b @b Index_Type @b <@>; @b Element_Type @b; @b "=" (Left, Right : Element_Type) @b Boolean @b <@>; @b Ada.Containers.Vectors @b @b Preelaborate(Vectors); @b Extended_Index @b Index_Type'Base @b Index_Type'First-1 .. Index_Type'Min (Index_Type'Base'Last - 1, Index_Type'Last) + 1; No_Index : @b Extended_Index := Extended_Index'First; @b Index_Subtype @b Index_Type; @b Vector @b; @b Cursor @b; Empty_Vector : @b Vector; No_Element : @b Cursor; @b To_Vector (Length : Count_Type) @b Vector; @b To_Vector (New_Item : Element_Type; Length : Count_Type) @b Vector; @b "&" (Left, Right : Vector) @b Vector; @b "&" (Left : Vector; Right : Element_Type) @b Vector; @b "&" (Left : Element_Type; Right : Vector) @b Vector; @b "&" (Left, Right : Element_Type) @b Vector; @b "=" (Left, Right : Vector) @b Boolean; @b Capacity (Container : Vector) @b Count_Type; @b Reserve_Capacity (Container : @b Vector; Capacity : @b Count_Type); @b Length (Container : Vector) @b Count_Type; @b Is_Empty (Container : Vector) @b Boolean; @b Clear (Container : @b Vector); @b To_Cursor (Container : Vector; Index : Extended_Index) @b Cursor; @b To_Index (Position : Cursor) @b Extended_Index; @b Element (Container : Vector; Index : Index_Type) @b Element_Type; @b Element (Position : Cursor) @b Element_Type; @b Query_Element (Container : @b Vector; Index : @b Index_Type; Process : @b (Element : @b Element_Type)); @b Query_Element (Position : @b Cursor; Process : @b (Element : @b Element_Type)); @b Update_Element (Container : @b Vector; Index : @b Index_Type; Process : @b (Element : @b Element_Type)); @b Update_Element (Position : @b Cursor; Process : @b (Element : @b Element_Type)); @b Replace_Element (Container : @b Vector; Index : @b Index_Type; By : @b Element_Type); @b Replace_Element (Position : @b Cursor; By : @b Element_Type); @b Assign (Target : @b Vector; Source : @b Vector); @b Move (Target : @b Vector; Source : @b Vector); @b Insert (Container : @b Vector; Before : @b Extended_Index; New_Item : @b Vector); @b Insert (Container : @b Vector; Before : @b Cursor; New_Item : @b Vector); @b Insert (Container : @b Vector; Before : @b Cursor; New_Item : @b Vector; Position : @b Cursor); @b Insert (Container : @b Vector; Before : @b Extended_Index; New_Item : @b Element_Type; Count : @b Count_Type := 1); @b Insert (Container : @b Vector; Before : @b Cursor; New_Item : @b Element_Type; Count : @b Count_Type := 1); @b Insert (Container : @b Vector; Before : @b Cursor; New_Item : @b Element_Type; Position : @b Cursor; Count : @b Count_Type := 1); @b Prepend (Container : @b Vector; New_Item : @b Vector); @b Prepend (Container : @b Vector; New_Item : @b Element_Type; Count : @b Count_Type := 1); @b Append (Container : @b Vector; New_Item : @b Vector); @b Append (Container : @b Vector; New_Item : @b Element_Type; Count : @b Count_Type := 1); @b Insert_Space (Container : @b Vector; Before : @b Extended_Index; Count : @b Count_Type := 1); @b Insert_Space (Container : @b Vector; Before : @b Cursor; Position : @b Cursor; Count : @b Count_Type := 1); @b Set_Length (Container : @b Vector; Length : @b Count_Type); @b Delete (Container : @b Vector; Index : @b Extended_Index; Count : @b Count_Type := 1); @b Delete (Container : @b Vector; Position : @b Cursor; Count : @b Count_Type := 1); @b Delete_First (Container : @b Vector; Count : @b Count_Type := 1); @b Delete_Last (Container : @b Vector; Count : @b Count_Type := 1); @b First_Index (Container : Vector) @b Index_Type; @b First (Container : Vector) @b Cursor; @b First_Element (Container : Vector) @b Element_Type; @b Last_Index (Container : Vector) @b Extended_Index; @b Last (Container : Vector) @b Cursor; @b Last_Element (Container : Vector) @b Element_Type; @b Swap (Container : @b Vector; I, J : @b Index_Type); @b Swap (I, J : @b Cursor); @b @b "<" (Left, Right : Element_Type) @b Boolean @b <@>; @b Generic_Sort (Container : @b Vector); @b Find_Index (Container : Vector; Item : Element_Type; Index : Index_Type := Index_Type'First) @b Extended_Index; @b Find (Container : Vector; Item : Element_Type; Position : Cursor := No_Element) @b Cursor; @b Reverse_Find_Index (Container : Vector; Item : Element_Type; Index : Index_Type := Index_Type'Last) @b Extended_Index; @b Reverse_Find (Container : Vector; Item : Element_Type; Position : Cursor := No_Element) @b Cursor; @b Contains (Container : Vector; Item : Element_Type) @b Boolean; @b Next (Position : Cursor) @b Cursor; @b Previous (Position : Cursor) @b Cursor; @b Next (Position : @b Cursor); @b Previous (Position : @b Cursor); @b Has_Element (Position : Cursor) @b Boolean; @b Iterate (Container : @b Vector; Process : @b (Position : @b Cursor)); @b Reverse_Iterate (Container : @b Vector; Process : @b (Position : @b Cursor)); @b ... -- @ft<@i> @b Ada.Containers.Vectors;> The type Vector is used to represent vectors. The type Vector needs finalization (see 7.6). Empty_Vector represents the empty vector object. It has a length of 0. If an object of type Vector is not otherwise initialized, it is initialized to the same value as Empty_Vector. No_Element represents a cursor that designates no element. If an object of type Cursor is not otherwise initialized, it is initialized to the same value as No_Element. No_Index represents a position that does not correspond to any element. The subtype Extended_Index includes the indices covered by Index_Type plus the value No_Index and, if it exists, the successor to the Index_Type'Last. Some operations are assumed to work on a constant set of elements. For such an operation, a subprogram is said to @i of a vector object @i if: @xbullet, that is, it calls the Insert, Insert_Space, Clear, Delete, or Set_Length procedures with @i as a parameter; or> @xbullet; or> @xbullet as a parameter.> Some operations are assumed to not change elements. For such an operation, a subprogram is said to @i of a vector object @i if: @xbullet; or> @xbullet, that is, it calls the Replace_Element, Update_Element, or Swap procedures or an instance of Generic_Sort with @i as a parameter.> @xcode<@b To_Vector (Length : Count_Type) @b Vector;> @xindent @xcode<@b To_Vector (New_Item : Element_Type; Length : Count_Type) @b Vector;> @xindent @xcode<@b "&" (Left, Right : Vector) @b Vector;> @xindent @xcode<@b "&" (Left : Vector; Right : Element_Type) @b Vector;> @xindent @xcode<@b "&" (Left : Element_Type; Right : Vector) @b Vector;> @xindent @xcode<@b "&" (Left, Right : Element_Type) @b Vector;> @xindent @xcode<@b "=" (Left, Right : Vector) @b Boolean;> @xindent @xcode<@b Capacity (Container : Vector) @b Count_Type;> @xindent @xcode<@b Reserve_Capacity (Container : @b Vector; Capacity : @b Count_Type);> @xindent @xcode<@b Length (Container : Vector) @b Count_Type;> @xindent @xcode<@b Is_Empty (Container : Vector) @b Boolean;> @xindent @xcode<@b Clear (Container : @b Vector);> @xindent @xcode<@b To_Cursor (Container : Vector; Index : Extended_Index) @b Cursor;> @xindent @xcode<@b To_Index (Position : Cursor) @b Extended_Index;> @xindent @xcode<@b Element (Container : Vector; Index : Index_Type) @b Element_Type;> @xindent @xcode<@b Element (Position : Cursor) @b Element_Type;> @xindent @xcode<@b Query_Element (Container : @b Vector; Index : @b Index_Type; Process : @b @b (Element : @b Element_Type));> @xindent @xcode<@b Query_Element (Position : @b Cursor; Process : @b @b (Element : @b Element_Type));> @xindent with the element designated by Position as the argument. Program_Error is propagated if Process.@b tampers with the elements of Container. Any exception raised by Process.@b is propagated.> @xcode<@b Update_Element (Container : @b Vector; Index : @b Index_Type; Process : @b @b (Element : @b Element_Type));> @xindent with the element at position Index as the argument. Program_Error is propagated if Process.@b tampers with the elements of Container. Any exception raised by Process.@b is propagated.> @xindent shall be unconstrained.> @xindent @xcode<@b Update_Element (Position : @b Cursor; Process : @b @b (Element : @b Element_Type));> @xindent with the element designated by Position as the argument. Program_Error is propagated if Process.@b tampers with the elements of Container. Any exception raised by Process.@b is propagated.> @xindent shall be unconstrained.> @xindent @xcode<@b Replace_Element (Container : @b Vector; Index : @b Index_Type; By : @b Element_Type);> @xindent @xcode<@b Replace_Element (Position : @b Cursor; By : @b Element_Type);> @xindent @xcode<@b Assign (Target : @b Vector; Source : @b Vector);> @xindent @xcode<@b Move (Target : @b Vector; Source : @b Vector);> @xindent @xcode<@b Insert (Container : @b Vector; Before : @b Extended_Index; New_Item : @b Vector);> @xindent as the sum of the current length and Length (New_Item); if the value of Last appropriate for length @i would be greater than Index_Type'Last then Constraint_Error is propagated.> @xindent, Reserve_Capacity (Container, @i) is called to increase the vector capacity. Then Insert slides the elements in the range Before .. Last_Index (Container) up by Length(New_Item) positions, and then copies the elements of New_Item to the positions starting at Before. Any exception raised during the copying is propagated.> @xcode<@b Insert (Container : @b Vector; Before : @b Cursor; New_Item : @b Vector);> @xindent @xcode<@b Insert (Container : @b Vector; Before : @b Cursor; New_Item : @b Vector; Position : @b Cursor);> @xindent be Last_Index (Container) + 1; otherwise, let @i be To_Index (Before). Insert (Container, @i, New_Item) is called, and then Position is set to To_Cursor (Container, @i).> @xcode<@b Insert (Container : @b Vector; Before : @b Extended_Index; New_Item : @b Element_Type; Count : @b Count_Type := 1);> @xindent @xcode<@b Insert (Container : @b Vector; Before : @b Cursor; New_Item : @b Element_Type; Count : @b Count_Type := 1);> @xindent @xcode<@b Insert (Container : @b Vector; Before : @b Cursor; New_Item : @b Element_Type; Position : @b Cursor; Count : @b Count_Type := 1);> @xindent @xcode<@b Prepend (Container : @b Vector; New_Item : @b Vector; Count : @b Count_Type := 1);> @xindent @xcode<@b Prepend (Container : @b Vector; New_Item : @b Element_Type; Count : @b Count_Type := 1);> @xindent @xcode<@b Append (Container : @b Vector; New_Item : @b Vector);> @xindent @xcode<@b Append (Container : @b Vector; New_Item : @b Element_Type; Count : @b Count_Type := 1);> @xindent @xcode<@b Insert_Space (Container : @b Vector; Before : @b Extended_Index; Count : @b Count_Type := 1);> @xindent as the sum of the current length and Count; if the value of Last appropriate for length @i would be greater than Index_Type'Last then Constraint_Error is propagated.> @xindent, Reserve_Capacity (Container, @i) is called to increase the vector capacity. Then Insert_Space slides the elements in the range Before .. Last_Index (Container) up by Count positions, and then inserts empty elements in the positions starting at Before.> @xcode<@b Insert_Space (Container : @b Vector; Before : @b Cursor; Position : @b Cursor; Count : @b Count_Type := 1);> @xindent be Last_Index (Container) + 1; otherwise, let @i be To_Index (Before). Insert_Space (Container, @i, Count) is called, and then Position is set to To_Cursor (Container, @i).> @xcode<@b Set_Length (Container : @b Vector; Length : @b Count_Type);> @xindent @xcode<@b Delete (Container : @b Vector; Index : @b Extended_Index; Count : @b Count_Type := 1);> @xindent @xcode<@b Delete (Container : @b Vector; Position : @b Cursor; Count : @b Count_Type := 1);> @xindent @xcode<@b Delete_First (Container : @b Vector; Count : @b Count_Type := 1);> @xindent @xcode<@b Delete_Last (Container : @b Vector; Count : @b Count_Type := 1);> @xindent @xcode<@b First_Index (Container : Vector) @b Index_Type;> @xindent @xcode<@b First (Container : Vector) @b Cursor;> @xindent @xcode<@b First_Element (Container : Vector) @b Element_Type;> @xindent @xcode<@b Last_Index (Container : Vector) @b Extended_Index;> @xindent @xcode<@b Last (Container : Vector) @b Cursor;> @xindent @xcode<@b Last_Element (Container : Vector) @b Element_Type;> @xindent @xcode<@b Swap (Container : @b Vector; I, J : @b Index_Type);> @xindent @xcode<@b Swap (I, J : @b Cursor);> @xindent @xcode<@b @b "<" (Left, Right : Element_Type) @b Boolean is <@>; @b Generic_Sort (Container : @b Vector);> @xindent @xcode<@b Find_Index (Container : Vector; Item : Element_Type; Index : Index_Type := Index_Type'First) @b Extended_Index;> @xindent @xcode<@b Find (Container : Vector; Item : Element_Type; Position : Cursor := No_Element) @b Cursor;> @xindent @xcode<@b Reverse_Find_Index (Container : Vector; Item : Element_Type; Index : Index_Type := Index_Type'Last) @b Extended_Index;> @xindent @xcode<@b Reverse_Find (Container : Vector; Item : Element_Type; Position : Cursor := No_Element) @b Cursor;> @xindent @xcode<@b Contains (Container : Vector; Item : Element_Type) @b Boolean;> @xindent @xcode<@b Next (Position : Cursor) @b Cursor;> @xindent @xcode<@b Previous (Position : Cursor) @b Cursor;> @xindent @xcode<@b Next (Position : @b Cursor);> @xindent @xcode<@b Previous (Position : @b Cursor);> @xindent @xcode<@b Has_Element (Position : Cursor) @b Boolean;> @xindent @xcode<@b Iterate (Container : @b Vector; Process : @b @b (Position : @b Cursor));> @xindent with a cursor that designates each element in Container, in index order. Program_Error is propagated if Process.@b tampers with the cursors of Container. Any exception raised by Process is propagated.> @xcode<@b Reverse_Iterate (Container : @b Vector; Process : @b @b (Position : @b Cursor));> @xindent @i<@s8> Reading the value of an empty element by calling Element, Query_Element, Update_Element, Generic_Sort, "=", Find, or Reverse_Find is a bounded error. The implementation may treat the element as having any valid value of the element type, or raise Constraint_Error or Program_Error before modifying the vector. A Cursor value is @i if any of the following have occurred since it was created: @xbullet @xbullet It is a bounded error to call any subprogram other than "=" or Has_Element declared in Containers.Vectors with an ambiguous (but not invalid, see below) cursor parameter. Possible results are: @xbullet @xbullet @xbullet @xbullet @i<@s8> A Cursor value is @i if any of the following have occurred since it was created: @xbullet @xbullet @xbullet The result of "=" or Has_Element is unspecified if it is called with an invalid cursor parameter. Execution is erroneous if any other subprogram declared in Containers.Vectors is called with an invalid cursor parameter. @i<@s8> No storage associated with a vector object shall be lost upon assignment or scope exit. @i<@s8> Containers.Vectors should be implemented similarly to an array. In particular, if the length of a vector is @i, then @xbullet);> @xbullet log @i).> The worst-case time complexity of a call on an instantiation of Containers.Vectors.Generic_Sort should be O(@i**2), and the average time complexity should be better than O(@i**2). Containers.Vectors.Generic_Sort should minimize copying of elements. Move should not copy elements, and should minimize copying of internal data structures. @xindent<@s9> !corrigendum A.18.3 @dinsc The language-defined generic package Containers.Doubly_Linked_Lists provides private types List and Cursor, and a set of operations for each type. A list container is optimized for insertion and deletion at any position. A doubly-linked list container object manages a linked list of internal @i, each of which contains an element and pointers to the next (successor) and previous (predecessor) internal nodes. A cursor designates a particular node within a list (and by extension the element contained in that node). A cursor keeps designating the same node (and element) as long as the node is part of the container, even if the node is moved in the container. The @i of a list is the number of elements it contains. @i<@s8> The generic library package Containers.Doubly_Linked_Lists has the following declaration: @xcode<@b @b Element_Type @b; @b "=" (Left, Right : Element_Type) @b Boolean @b <@>; @b Ada.Containers.Doubly_Linked_Lists @b @b Preelaborate (Doubly_Linked_Lists); @b List @b; @b Cursor @b; Empty_List : @b List; No_Element : @b Cursor; @b "=" (Left, Right : List) @b Boolean; @b Length (Container : List) @b Natural; @b Is_Empty (Container : List) @b Boolean; @b Clear (Container : @b List); @b Element (Position : Cursor) @b Element_Type; @b Query_Element (Position : @b Cursor; Process : @b (Element : @b Element_Type)); @b Update_Element (Position : @b Cursor; Process : @b (Element : @b Element_Type)); @b Replace_Element (Position : @b Cursor; By : @b Element_Type); @b Move (Target : @b List; Source : @b List); @b Prepend (Container : @b List; New_Item : @b Element_Type; Count : @b Count_Type := 1); @b Append (Container : @b List; New_Item : @b Element_Type; Count : @b Count_Type := 1); @b Insert (Container : @b List; Before : @b Cursor; New_Item : @b Element_Type; Count : @b Count_Type := 1); @b Insert (Container : @b List; Before : @b Cursor; New_Item : @b Element_Type; Position : @b Cursor; Count : @b Count_Type := 1); @b Insert (Container : @b List; Before : @b Cursor; Position : @b Cursor; Count : @b Count_Type := 1); @b Delete (Container : @b List; Position : @b Cursor; Count : @b Count_Type := 1); @b Delete_First (Container : @b List; Count : @b Count_Type := 1); @b Delete_Last (Container : @b List; Count : @b Count_Type := 1); @b @b "<" (Left, Right : Element_Type) @b Boolean is <@>; @b Generic_Sort (Container : @b List); @b @b "<" (Left, Right : Element_Type) @b Boolean @b <@>; @b Generic_Merge (Target : @b List; Source : @b List); @b Reverse_List (Container : @b List); @b Swap (I, J : @b Cursor); @b Swap_Links (Container : @b List; I, J : @b Cursor); @b Splice (Target : @b List; Before : @b Cursor; Source : @b List); @b Splice (Target : @b List; Before : @b Cursor; Position : @b Cursor); @b Splice (Target : @b List; Before : @b Cursor; Source : @b List; Position : @b Cursor); @b First (Container : List) @b Cursor; @b First_Element (Container : List) @b Element_Type; @b Last (Container : List) @b Cursor; @b Last_Element (Container : List) @b Element_Type; @b Contains (Container : List; Item : Element_Type) @b Boolean; @b Find (Container : List; Item : Element_Type; Position : Cursor := No_Element) @b Cursor; @b Reverse_Find (Container : List; Item : Element_Type; Position : Cursor := No_Element) @b Cursor; @b Next (Position : Cursor) @b Cursor; @b Previous (Position : Cursor) @b Cursor; @b Next (Position : @b Cursor); @b Previous (Position : @b Cursor); @b Has_Element (Position : Cursor) @b Boolean; @b Iterate (Container : @b List; Process : @b (Position : @b Cursor)); @b Reverse_Iterate (Container : @b List; Process : @b (Position : @b Cursor)); @b ... -- @ft<@i> @b Ada.Containers.Doubly_Linked_Lists;> The type List is used to represent lists. The type List needs finalization (see 7.6). Empty_List represents the empty List object. It has a length of 0. If an object of type List is not otherwise initialized, it is initialized to the same value as Empty_List. No_Element represents a cursor that designates no element. If an object of type Cursor is not otherwise initialized, it is initialized to the same value as No_Element. Some operations are assumed to work on a constant set of elements. For such an operation, a subprogram is said to @i of a list object @i if: @xbullet, that is, it calls the Insert, Clear, Delete, or Delete_Last procedures with @i as a parameter; or> @xbullet, that is, it calls the Splice, Swap_Links, or Reverse_List procedures or an instance of Generic_Sort or Generic_Merge with C as a parameter; or> @xbullet; or> @xbullet as a parameter.> Some operations are assumed to not change elements. For such an operation, a subprogram is said to @i of a list object @i if: @xbullet; or> @xbullet, that is, it calls the Replace_Element, Update_Element, or Swap procedures with @i as a parameter.> @xcode<@b "=" (Left, Right : List) @b Boolean;> @xindent @xcode<@b Length (Container : List) @b Count_Type;> @xindent @xcode<@b Is_Empty (Container : List) @b Boolean;> @xindent @xcode<@b Clear (Container : @b List);> @xindent @xcode<@b Element (Position : Cursor) @b Element_Type;> @xindent @xcode<@b Query_Element (Position : @b Cursor; Process : @b (Element : @b Element_Type));> @xindent with the element on node designated by Position as the argument. Program_Error is propagated if Process.@b tampers with the elements of Container. Any exception raised by Process.@b is propagated.> @xcode<@b Update_Element (Position : @b Cursor; Process : @b (Element : @b Element_Type));> @xindent with the element on node designated by Position as the argument. Program_Error is propagated if Process.@b tampers with the elements of Container. Any exceptions raised by Process.@b are propagated.> @xindent shall be unconstrained.> @xcode<@b Replace_Element (Position : Cursor; By : Element_Type);> @xindent @xcode<@b Move (Target : @b List; Source : @b List);> @xindent @xcode<@b Prepend (Container : @b List; New_Item : @b Element_Type; Count : @b Count_Type := 1);> @xindent @xcode<@b Append (Container : @b List; New_Item : @b Element_Type; Count : @b Count_Type := 1);> @xindent @xcode<@b Insert (Container : @b List; Before : @b Cursor; New_Item : @b Element_Type; Count : @b Count_Type := 1);> @xindent @xcode<@b Insert (Container : @b List; Before : @b Cursor; New_Item : @b Element_Type; Position : @b Cursor; Count : @b Count_Type := 1);> @xindent @xcode<@b Insert (Container : @b List; Before : @b Cursor; Position : @b Cursor; Count : @b Count_Type := 1);> @xindent @xcode<@b Delete (Container : @b List; Position : @b Cursor; Count : @b Count_Type := 1);> @xindent @xcode<@b Delete_First (Container : @b List; Count : @b Count_Type := 1);> @xindent @xcode<@b Delete_Last (Container : @b List; Count : @b Count_Type := 1);> @xindent @xcode<@b @b "<" (Left, Right : Element_Type) @b Boolean @b <@>; @b Generic_Sort (Container : @b List);> @xindent @xcode<@b @b "<" (Left, Right : Element_Type) @b Boolean @b <@>; @b Generic_Merge (Target : @b List; Source : @b List);> @xindent @xindent @xcode<@b Reverse_List (Container : @b List);> @xindent @xcode<@b Swap (I, J : @b Cursor);> @xindent @xcode<@b Swap_Links (Container : @b List; I, J : @b Cursor);> @xindent @xcode<@b Splice (Target : @b List; Before : @b Cursor; Source : @b List);> @xindent @xcode<@b Splice (Target : @b List; Before : @b Cursor; Position : @b Cursor);> @xindent @xcode<@b Splice (Target : @b List; Before : @b Cursor; Source : @b List; Position : @b Cursor);> @xindent @xcode<@b First (Container : List) @b Cursor;> @xindent @xcode<@b First_Element (Container : List) @b Element_Type;> @xindent @xcode<@b Last (Container : List) @b Cursor;> @xindent @xcode<@b Last_Element (Container : List) @b Element_Type;> @xindent @xcode<@b Contains (Container : List; Item : Element_Type) @b Boolean;> @xindent @xcode<@b Find (Container : List; Item : Element_Type; Position : Cursor := No_Element) @b Cursor;> @xindent @xcode<@b Reverse_Find (Container : List; Item : Element_Type; Position : Cursor := No_Element) @b Cursor;> @xindent @xcode<@b Next (Position : Cursor) @b Cursor;> @xindent @xcode<@b Previous (Position : Cursor) @b Cursor;> @xindent @xcode<@b Next (Position : @b Cursor);> @xindent @xcode<@b Previous (Position : @b Cursor);> @xindent @xcode<@b Has_Element (Position : Cursor) @b Boolean;> @xindent @xcode<@b Iterate (Container : @b List; Process : @b (Position : @b Cursor));> @xindent with a cursor that designates each node in Container, starting with the first node and moving the cursor as per the Next function. Program_Error is propagated if Process.@b tampers with the cursors of Container. Any exception raised by Process.@b is propagated.> @xcode<@b Reverse_Iterate (Container : @b List; Process : @b (Position : @b Cursor));> @xindent @i<@s8> A Cursor value is @i if any of the following have occurred since it was created: @xbullet @xbullet @xbullet The result of "=" or Has_Element is unspecified if it is called with an invalid cursor parameter. Execution is erroneous if any other subprogram declared in Containers.Doubly_Linked_Lists is called with an invalid cursor parameter. @i<@s8> No storage associated with a doubly-linked List object shall be lost upon assignment or scope exit. @i<@s8> Containers.Doubly_Linked_Lists should be implemented similarly to a linked list. In particular, if @i is the length of a list, then the worst-case time complexity of Element, Insert with Count=1, and Delete with Count=1 should be O(log @i). The worst-case time complexity of a call on an instantiation of Containers.Doubly_Linked_Lists.Generic_Sort should be O(@i**2), and the average time complexity should be better than O(@i**2). Move should not copy elements, and should minimize copying of internal data structures. @xindent<@s9> !corrigendum A.18.4 @dinsc The language-defined generic packages Containers.Hashed_Maps and Containers.Ordered_Maps provide private types Map and Cursor, and a set of operations for each type. A map container allows an arbitrary type to be used as a key to find the element associated with that key. A hashed map uses a hash function to organize the keys, while an ordered map orders the keys per a specified relation. This section describes the declarations that are common to both kinds of maps. See A.18.5 for a description of the semantics specific to Containers.Hashed_Maps and A.18.6 for a description of the semantics specific to Containers.Ordered_Maps. @i<@s8> The type Map is used to represent maps. The type Map needs finalization (see 7.6). A map contains pairs of keys and elements, called @i. Map cursors designate nodes, but also can be thought of as designating an element (the element contained in the node) for consistency with the other containers. There exists an equivalence relation on keys, whose definition is different for hashed maps and ordered maps. A map never contains two or more nodes with equivalent keys. The @i of a map is the number of nodes it contains. Each nonempty map has two particular nodes called the @i and the @i (which may be the same). Each node except for the last node has a @i. If there are no other intervening operations, starting with the first node and repeatedly going to the successor node will visit each node in the map exactly once until the last node is reached. The exact definition of these terms is different for hashed maps and ordered maps. Some operations are assumed to work on a constant set of elements. For such an operation, a subprogram is said to @i of a map object @i if: @xbullet, that is, it calls the Insert, Include, Clear, Delete, or Exclude procedures with @i as a parameter; or> @xbullet; or> @xbullet as a parameter; or> @xbullet.> Some operations are assumed to not change elements. For such an operation, a subprogram is said to @i of a map object @i if: @xbullet; or> @xbullet, that is, it calls the Replace, Replace_Element, or Update_Element procedures with @i as a parameter.> Empty_Map represents the empty Map object. It has a length of 0. If an object of type Map is not otherwise initialized, it is initialized to the same value as Empty_Map. No_Element represents a cursor that designates no node. If an object of type Cursor is not otherwise initialized, it is initialized to the same value as No_Element. @xcode<@b "=" (Left, Right : Map) @b Boolean;> @xindent in Left, the function returns False if:> @xinbull is not present in Right; or> @xinbull in Left is not equal to the element associated with @i in Right (using the generic formal equality operator for elements).> @xindent @xcode<@b Length (Container : Map) @b Count_Type;> @xindent @xcode<@b Is_Empty (Container : Map) @b Boolean;> @xindent @xcode<@b Clear (Container : @b Map);> @xindent @xcode<@b Key (Position : Cursor) @b Key_Type;> @xindent @xcode<@b Element (Position : Cursor) @b Element_Type;> @xindent @xcode<@b Query_Element (Position : @b Cursor; Process : @b (Key : @b Key_Type; Element : @b Element_Type));> @xindent with the key and element from the node designated by Position as the arguments. Program_Error is propagated if Process.@b tampers with the elements of Container. Any exceptions raised by Process.@b are propagated.> @xcode<@b Update_Element (Position : @b Cursor; Process : @b (Key : @b Key_Type; Element : @b Element_Type));> @xindent with the key and element from the node designated by Position as the arguments. Program_Error is propagated if Process.@b tampers with the elements of Container. Any exceptions raised by Process.@b are propagated.> @xindent shall be unconstrained.> @xcode<@b Replace_Element (Position : @b Cursor; By : @b Element_Type);> @xindent @xcode<@b Move (Target : @b Map; Source : @b Map);> @xindent @xcode<@b Insert (Container : @b Map; Key : @b Key_Type; New_Item : @b Element_Type; Position : @b Cursor; Inserted : @b Boolean);> @xindent @xcode<@b Insert (Container : @b Map; Key : @b Key_Type; Position : @b Cursor; Inserted : @b Boolean);> @xindent @xcode<@b Insert (Container : @b Map; Key : @b Key_Type; New_Item : @b Element_Type);> @xindent @xcode<@b Include (Container : @b Map; Key : @b Key_Type; New_Item : @b Element_Type);> @xindent @xcode<@b Replace (Container : @b Map; Key : @b Key_Type; New_Item : @b Element_Type);> @xindent @xcode<@b Delete (Container : @b Map; Key : @b Key_Type);> @xindent @xcode<@b Delete (Container : @b Map; Position : @b Cursor);> @xindent @xcode<@b Exclude (Container : @b Map; Key : @b Key_Type);> @xindent @xcode<@b Contains (Container : Map; Key : Key_Type) @b Boolean;> @xindent @xcode<@b Find (Container : Map; Key : Key_Type) @b Cursor;> @xindent @xcode<@b Element (Container : Map; Key : Key_Type) @b Element_Type;> @xindent @xcode<@b First (Container : Map) @b Cursor;> @xindent @xcode<@b Next (Position : Cursor) @b Cursor;> @xindent @xcode<@b Next (Position : @b Cursor);> @xindent @xcode<@b Has_Element (Position : Cursor) @b Boolean;> @xindent @xcode<@b Iterate (Container : @b Map; Process : @b (Position : @b Cursor));> @xindent with a cursor that designates each node in Container, starting with the first node and moving the cursor according to the successor relation. Program_Error is propagated if Process.@b tampers with the elements of Container. Any exception raised by Process.@b is propagated.> @i<@s8> A Cursor value is @i if any of the following have occurred since it was created: @xbullet @xbullet @xbullet The result of "=" or Has_Element is unspecified if these functions are called with an invalid cursor parameter. Execution is erroneous if any other subprogram declared in Containers.Hashed_Maps or Containers.Ordered_Maps is called with an invalid cursor parameter. @i<@s8> No storage associated with a Map object shall be lost upon assignment or scope exit. @i<@s8> Move should not copy elements, and should minimize copying of internal data structures. !corrigendum A.18.5 @dinsc @i<@s8> The generic library package Containers.Hashed_Maps has the following declaration: @xcode<@b @b Key_Type @b; @b Element_Type @b; @b Hash (Key : Key_Type) @b Hash_Type; @b Equivalent_Keys (Left, Right : Key_Type) @b Boolean; @b "=" (Left, Right : Element_Type) @b Boolean is <@>; @b Ada.Containers.Hashed_Maps @b @b Preelaborate (Hashed_Maps); @b Map @b; @b Cursor @b; Empty_Map : @b Map; No_Element : @b Cursor; @b "=" (Left, Right : Map) @b Boolean; @b Length (Container : Map) @b Count_Type; @b Is_Empty (Container : Map) @b Boolean; @b Clear (Container : @b Map); @b Key (Position : Cursor) @b Key_Type; @b Element (Position : Cursor) @b Element_Type; @b Query_Element (Position : @b Cursor; Process : @b (Key : @b Key_Type; Element : @b Element_Type)); @b Update_Element (Position : @b Cursor; Process : @b (Key : @b Key_Type; Element : @b Element_Type)); @b Replace_Element (Position : @b Cursor; By : @b Element_Type); @b Move (Target : @b Map; Source : @b Map); @b Insert (Container : @b Map; Key : @b Key_Type; New_Item : @b Element_Type; Position : @b Cursor; Inserted : @b Boolean); @b Insert (Container : @b Map; Key : @b Key_Type; Position : @b Cursor; Inserted : @b Boolean); @b Insert (Container : @b Map; Key : @b Key_Type; New_Item : @b Element_Type); @b Include (Container : @b Map; Key : @b Key_Type; New_Item : @b Element_Type); @b Replace (Container : @b Map; Key : @b Key_Type; New_Item : @b Element_Type); @b Delete (Container : @b Map; Key : @b Key_Type); @b Delete (Container : @b Map; Position : @b Cursor); @b Exclude (Container : @b Map; Key : @b Key_Type); @b Contains (Container : Map; Key : Key_Type) @b Boolean; @b Find (Container : Map; Key : Key_Type) @b Cursor; @b Element (Container : Map; Key : Key_Type) @b Element_Type; @b First (Container : Map) @b Cursor; @b Next (Position : Cursor) @b Cursor; @b Next (Position : @b Cursor); @b Has_Element (Position : Cursor) @b Boolean; @b Equivalent_Keys (Left, Right : Cursor) @b Boolean; @b Equivalent_Keys (Left : Cursor; Right : Key_Type) @b Boolean; @b Equivalent_Keys (Left : Key_Type; Right : Cursor) @b Boolean; @b Iterate (Container : @b Map; Process : @b (Position : @b Cursor)); @b Capacity (Container : Map) @b Count_Type; @b Reserve_Capacity (Container : @b Map; Capacity : @b Count_Type); @b ... -- @ft<@i> @b Ada.Containers.Hashed_Maps;> An object of type Map contains an expandable hash table, which is used to provide direct access to nodes. The @i of an object of type Map is the maximum number of nodes that can be inserted into the hash table prior to it being automatically expanded. Two keys @i and @i are defined to be @i if Equivalent_Keys (@i, @i) returns True. Function Hash is expected to return the same value each time it is called with a particular key value. For any two equivalent key values, Hash is expected to return the same value. If Hash behaves in some other manner, the behavior of this package is unspecified. Which subprograms of this package call Hash, and how many times they call it, is unspecified. Function Equivalent_Keys is expected to return the same value each time it is called with a particular pair of key values. For any two keys @i and @i, the boolean values Equivalent_Keys (@i, @i) and Equivalent_Key (@i, @i) are expected to be equal. If Equivalent_Keys behaves in some other manner, the behavior of this package is unspecified. Which subprograms of this package call Equivalent_Keys, and how many times they call it, is unspecified. If the value of a key stored in a node of a map is changed other than by an operation in this package such that at least one of Hash or Equivalent_Keys give different results, the behavior of this package is unspecified. Which nodes are the first node and the last node of a map, and which node is the successor of a given node, are unspecified, other than the general semantics described in A.18.4. @xcode<@b Clear (Container : @b Map);> @xindent @xcode<@b Insert (Container : @b Map; Key : @b Key_Type; New_Item : @b Element_Type; Position : @b Cursor; Inserted : @b Boolean);> @xindent @xcode<@b Equivalent_Keys (Left, Right : Cursor) @b Boolean;> @xindent @xcode<@b Equivalent_Keys (Left : Cursor; Right : Key_Type) @b Boolean;> @xindent @xcode<@b Equivalent_Keys (Left : Key_Type; Right : Cursor) @b Boolean;> @xindent @xcode<@b Capacity (Container : Map) @b Count_Type;> @xindent @xcode<@b Reserve_Capacity (Container : @b Map; Capacity : @b Count_Type);> @xindent @xindent @i<@s8> If @i is the length of a map, the average time complexity of the subprograms Element, Insert, Include, Replace, Delete, Exclude and Find that take a key parameter should be O(log @i). The average time complexity of the subprograms that take a cursor parameter should be O(1). The average time complexity of Reserve_Capacity should be O(@i). !corrigendum A.18.6 @dinsc @i<@s8> The generic library package Containers.Ordered_Maps has the following declaration: @xcode<@b @b Key_Type @b; @b Element_Type @b; @b "<" (Left, Right : Key_Type) @b Boolean @b <@>; @b "=" (Left, Right : Element_Type) @b Boolean @b <@>; @b Ada.Containers.Ordered_Maps @b @b Preelaborate (Ordered_Maps); @b Map @b; @b Cursor @b; Empty_Map : @b Map; No_Element : @b Cursor; @b "=" (Left, Right : Map) @b Boolean; @b Length (Container : Map) @b Count_Type; @b Is_Empty (Container : Map) @b Boolean; @b Clear (Container : @b Map); @b Key (Position : Cursor) @b Key_Type; @b Element (Position : Cursor) @b Element_Type; @b Query_Element (Position : @b Cursor; Process : @b (Key : @b Key_Type; Element : @b Element_Type)); @b Update_Element (Position : @b Cursor; Process : @b (Key : @b Key_Type; Element : @b Element_Type)); @b Replace_Element (Position : @b Cursor; By : @b Element_Type); @b Move (Target : @b Map; Source : @b Map); @b Insert (Container : @b Map; Key : @b Key_Type; New_Item : @b Element_Type; Position : @b Cursor; Inserted : @b Boolean); @b Insert (Container : @b Map; Key : @b Key_Type; Position : @b Cursor; Inserted : @b Boolean); @b Insert (Container : @b Map; Key : @b Key_Type; New_Item : @b Element_Type); @b Include (Container : @b Map; Key : @b Key_Type; New_Item : @b Element_Type); @b Replace (Container : @b Map; Key : @b Key_Type; New_Item : @b Element_Type); @b Delete (Container : @b Map; Key : @b Key_Type); @b Delete (Container : @b Map; Position : @b Cursor); @b Delete_First (Container : @b Map); @b Delete_Last (Container : @b Map); @b Exclude (Container : @b Map; Key : @b Key_Type); @b Contains (Container : Map; Key : Key_Type) @b Boolean; @b Find (Container : Map; Key : Key_Type) @b Cursor; @b Element (Container : Map; Key : Key_Type) @b Element_Type; @b Floor (Container : Map; Key : Key_Type) @b Cursor; @b Ceiling (Container : Map; Key : Key_Type) @b Cursor; @b First (Container : Map) @b Cursor; @b First_Key (Container : Map) @b Key_Type; @b First_Element (Container : Map) @b Element_Type; @b Last (Container : Map) @b Cursor; @b Last_Key (Container : Map) @b Key_Type; @b Last_Element (Container : Map) @b Element_Type; @b Next (Position : Cursor) @b Cursor; @b Next (Position : @b Cursor); @b Previous (Position : Cursor) @b Cursor; @b Previous (Position : @b Cursor); @b Has_Element (Position : Cursor) @b Boolean; @b "<" (Left, Right : Cursor) @b Boolean; @b "@>" (Left, Right : Cursor) @b Boolean; @b "<" (Left : Cursor; Right : Key_Type) @b Boolean; @b "@>" (Left : Cursor; Right : Key_Type) @b Boolean; @b "<" (Left : Key_Type; Right : Cursor) @b Boolean; @b "@>" (Left : Key_Type; Right : Cursor) @b Boolean; @b Iterate (Container : @b Map; Process : @b (Position : @b Cursor)); @b Reverse_Iterate (Container : @b Map; Process : @b (Position : @b Cursor)); @b ... -- @ft<@i> @b Ada.Containers.Ordered_Maps;> Two keys @i and @i are @i if both @i < @i and @i < @i return False, using the generic formal "<" operator for keys. Functions "<" and "=" on Key_Type values are expected to return the same result value each time they are called with a particular pair of key values. If @i = @i returns True, then @i = @i is expected to also return True. If @i < @i returns True, then @i < @i is expected to return False. For any two equivalent elements, "=" is expected to return True. If "<" or "=" behaves in some other manner, the behavior of this package is unspecified. Which subprograms of this package call "<" and "=", and how many times these functions are called, is unspecified. If the value of a key stored in a map is changed other than by an operation in this package such that at least one of "<" or "=" give different results, the behavior of this package is unspecified. The first node of a nonempty map is the one whose key is less than the key of all the other nodes in the map. The last node of a nonempty map is the one whose key is greater than the key of all the other elements in the map. The successor of a node is the node with the smallest key that is larger than the key of the given node. The predecessor of a node is the node with the largest key that is smaller than the key of the given node. All comparisons are done using the generic formal "<" operator for keys. @xcode<@b Delete_First (Container : @b Map);> @xindent @xcode<@b Delete_Last (Container : @b Map);> @xindent @xcode<@b Floor (Container : Map; Key : Key_Type) @b Cursor;> @xindent @xcode<@b Ceiling (Container : Map; Key : Key_Type) @b Cursor;> @xindent @xcode<@b First_Key (Container : Map) @b Key_Type;> @xindent @xcode<@b First_Element (Container : Map) @b Element_Type;> @xindent @xcode<@b Last (Container : Map) @b Cursor;> @xindent @xcode<@b Last_Key (Container : Map) @b Key_Type;> @xindent @xcode<@b Last_Element (Container : Map) @b Element_Type;> @xindent @xcode<@b Previous (Position : Cursor) @b Cursor;> @xindent @xcode<@b Previous (Position : @b Cursor);> @xindent @xcode<@b "<" (Left, Right : Cursor) @b Boolean;> @xindent @xcode<@b "@>" (Left, Right : Cursor) @b Boolean;> @xindent @xcode<@b "<" (Left : Cursor; Right : Key_Type) @b Boolean;> @xindent @xcode<@b "@>" (Left : Cursor; Right : Key_Type) @b Boolean;> @xindent @xcode<@b "<" (Left : Key_Type; Right : Cursor) @b Boolean;> @xindent @xcode<@b "@>" (Left : Key_Type; Right : Cursor) @b Boolean;> @xindent @xcode<@b Reverse_Iterate (Container : @b Map; Process : @b (Position : @b Cursor));> @xindent @i<@s8> If @i is the length of a map, then the worst-case time complexity of the Element, Insert, Include, Replace, Delete, Exclude and Find operations that take a key parameter should be O((log @i)**2) or better. The worst-case time complexity of the subprograms that take a cursor parameter should be O(1). !corrigendum A.18.7 @dinsc The language-defined generic packages Containers.Hashed_Sets and Containers.Ordered_Sets provide private types Set and Cursor, and a set of operations for each type. A set container allows elements of an arbitrary type to be stored without duplication. A hashed set uses a hash function to organize elements, while an ordered set orders its element per a specified relation. This section describes the declarations that are common to both kinds of sets. See A.18.8 for a description of the semantics specific to Containers.Hashed_Sets and A.18.9 for a description of the semantics specific to Containers.Ordered_Sets. @i<@s8> The type Set is used to represent sets. The type Set needs finalization (see 7.6). A set contains elements. Set cursors designate elements. There exists an equivalence relation on elements, whose definition is different for hashed sets and ordered sets. A set never contains two or more equivalent elements. The @i of a set is the number of elements it contains. Each nonempty set has two particular elements called the @i and the @i (which may be the same). Each element except for the last element has a @i. If there are no other intervening operations, starting with the first element and repeatedly going to the successor element will visit each element in the map exactly once until the last element is reached. The exact definition of these terms is different for hashed sets and ordered sets. Some operations are assumed to work on a constant set of elements. For such an operation, a subprogram is said to @i of a set object @i if: @xbullet, that is, it calls the Insert, Include, Clear, Delete, Exclude, or Replace_Element procedures with S as a parameter; or> @xbullet; or> @xbullet as a parameter; or> @xbullet.> Some operations are assumed to not change elements. For such an operation, a subprogram is said to @i of a set object @i if: @xbullet; or> @xbullet, that is, it calls the Replace or Update_Element_Preserving_Key procedures with @i as a parameter.> Empty_Set represents the empty Set object. It has a length of 0. If an object of type Set is not otherwise initialized, it is initialized to the same value as Empty_Set. No_Element represents a cursor that designates no element. If an object of type Cursor is not otherwise initialized, it is initialized to the same value as No_Element. @xcode<@b "=" (Left, Right : Set) @b Boolean;> @xindent in Left, the function returns False if an element equal to @i (in the sense of the generic formal equality operator) is not present in Right. If the function has not returned a result after checking all of the elements, it returns True. Any exception raised during evaluation of element equality is propagated.> @xcode<@b Equivalent_Sets (Left, Right : Set) @b Boolean;> @xindent in Left, the function returns False if an element equivalent to @i is not present in Right. If the function has not returned a result after checking all of the elements, it returns True. Any exception raised during evaluation of element equivalence is propagated.> @xcode<@b Length (Container : Set) @b Count_Type;> @xindent @xcode<@b Is_Empty (Container : Set) @b Boolean;> @xindent @xcode<@b Clear (Container : @b Set);> @xindent @xcode<@b Element (Position : Cursor) @b Element_Type;> @xindent @xcode<@b Query_Element (Position : @b Cursor; Process : @b (Element : @b Element_Type));> @xindent with the element designated by Position as the argument. Program_Error is propagated if Process.@b tampers with the elements of Container. Any exceptions raised by Process.@b are propagated.> @xcode<@b Replace_Element (Container : @b Set; Position : @b Cursor; By : @b Element_Type);> @xindent @xcode<@b Move (Target : @b Set; Source : @b Set);> @xindent @xcode<@b Insert (Container : @b Set; New_Item : @b Element_Type; Position : @b Cursor; Inserted : @b Boolean);> @xindent @xcode<@b Insert (Container : @b Set; New_Item : @b Element_Type);> @xindent @xcode<@b Include (Container : @b Set; New_Item : @b Element_Type);> @xindent @xcode<@b Replace (Container : @b Set; New_Item : @b Element_Type);> @xindent @xcode<@b Delete (Container : @b Set; Item : @b Element_Type);> @xindent @xcode<@b Delete (Container : @b Set; Position : @b Cursor);> @xindent @xcode<@b Exclude (Container : @b Set; Item : @b Element_Type);> @xindent @xcode<@b Contains (Container : Set; Item : Element_Type) @b Boolean;> @xindent @xcode<@b Find (Container : Set; Item : Element_Type) @b Cursor;> @xindent @xcode<@b First (Container : Set) @b Cursor;> @xindent @xcode<@b Next (Position : Cursor) @b Cursor;> @xindent @xcode<@b Next (Position : @b Cursor);> @xindent @xcode<@b Has_Element (Position : Cursor) @b Boolean;> @xindent @xcode<@b Iterate (Container : @b Set; Process : @b (Position : @b Cursor));> @xindent with a cursor that designates each element in Container, starting with the first node and moving the cursor according to the successor relation. Program_Error is propagated if Process.@b tampers with the elements of Container. Any exception raised by Process.@b is propagated.> @xcode<@b Union (Target : @b Set; Source : @b Set);> @xindent @xcode<@b Union (Left, Right : Set) @b Set;> @xindent @xcode<@b Intersection (Target : @b Set; Source : @b Set);> @xindent @xcode<@b Intersection (Left, Right : Set) @b Set;> @xindent @xcode<@b Difference (Target : @b Set; Source : @b Set);> @xindent @xcode<@b Difference (Left, Right : Set) @b Set;> @xindent @xcode<@b Symmetric_Difference (Target : @b Set; Source : @b Set);> @xindent @xcode<@b Symmetric_Difference (Left, Right : Set) @b Set;> @xindent @xcode<@b Overlap (Left, Right : Set) @b Boolean;> @xindent @xcode<@b Is_Subset (Subset : Set; Of_Set : Set) @b Boolean;> @xindent Both Containers.Hashed_Set and Containers.Ordered_Set declare a nested generic package Generic_Keys, which provides operations that allow set manipulation in terms of a key (typically, a portion of an element) instead of a complete element. The formal function Key of Generic_Keys extracts a key value from an element. It is expected to return the same value each time it is called with a particular element. The behavior of Generic_Keys is unspecified if Key behaves in some other manner. A key is expected to unambiguously determine one equivalence class for elements. The behavior of Generic_Keys is unspecified if the formal parameters of this package behave in some other manner. The subprograms in package Generic_Keys named Contains, Find, Element, Delete, and Exclude, are equivalent to the corresponding subprograms in the parent package, with the difference that the Key parameter is used locate an element in the set. @xcode<@b Replace (Container : @b Set; Key : @b Key_Type; New_Item : @b Element_Type);> @xindent @xcode<@b Key (Position : Cursor) @b Key_Type;> @xindent @xcode<@b Update_Element_Preserving_Key (Container : @b Set; Position : @b Cursor; Process : @b (Element : @b Element_Type));> @xindent with that element as the argument. Program_Error is propagated if Process.@b tampers with the elements of Container. Any exception raised by Process.@b is propagated. After Process.@b returns, Update_Element_Preserving_Key checks if K determines the same equivalence class as that for the new element; if not, the element is removed from the set and Program_Error is propagated.> @xindent shall be unconstrained.> @i<@s8> A Cursor value is @i if any of the following have occurred since it was created: @xbullet @xbullet @xbullet The result of "=" or Has_Element is unspecified if these functions are called with an invalid cursor parameter. Execution is erroneous if any other subprogram declared in Containers.Hashed_Sets or Containers.Ordered_Sets is called with an invalid cursor parameter. @i<@s8> No storage associated with a Set object shall be lost upon assignment or scope exit. @i<@s8> Move should not copy elements, and should minimize copying of internal data structures. !corrigendum A.18.8 @dinsc @i<@s8> The generic library package Containers.Hashed_Sets has the following declaration: @xcode<@b @b Element_Type @b; @b Hash (Element : Element_Type) @b Hash_Type; @b Equivalent_Elements (Left, Right : Element_Type) @b Boolean; @b "=" (Left, Right : Element_Type) @b Boolean @b <@>; @b Ada.Containers.Hashed_Sets @b @b Preelaborate (Hashed_Sets); @b Set @b; @b Cursor @b; Empty_Set : @b Set; No_Element : @b Cursor; @b "=" (Left, Right : Set) @b Boolean; @b Equivalent_Sets (Left, Right : Set) @b Boolean; @b Length (Container : Set) @b Count_Type; @b Is_Empty (Container : Set) @b Boolean; @b Clear (Container : @b Set); @b Element (Position : Cursor) @b Element_Type; @b Query_Element (Position : @b Cursor; Process : @b (Element : @b Element_Type)); @b Replace_Element (Container : @b Set; Position : @b Cursor; By : @b Element_Type); @b Move (Target : @b Set; Source : @b Set); @b Insert (Container : @b Set; New_Item : @b Element_Type; Position : @b Cursor; Inserted : @b Boolean); @b Insert (Container : @b Set; New_Item : @b Element_Type); @b Include (Container : @b Set; New_Item : @b Element_Type); @b Replace (Container : @b Set; New_Item : @b Element_Type); @b Delete (Container : @b Set; Item : @b Element_Type); @b Delete (Container : @b Set; Position : @b Cursor); @b Exclude (Container : @b Set; Item : @b Element_Type); @b Contains (Container : Set; Item : Element_Type) @b Boolean; @b Find (Container : Set; Item : Element_Type) @b Cursor; @b First (Container : Set) @b Cursor; @b Next (Position : Cursor) @b Cursor; @b Next (Position : @b Cursor); @b Has_Element (Position : Cursor) @b Boolean; @b Equivalent_Elements (Left, Right : Cursor) @b Boolean; @b Equivalent_Elements (Left : Cursor; Right : Element_Type) @b Boolean; @b Equivalent_Elements (Left : Element_Type; Right : Cursor) @b Boolean; @b Iterate (Container : @b Set; Process : @b (Position : @b Cursor)); @b Union (Target : @b Set; Source : @b Set); @b Union (Left, Right : Set) @b Set; @b "@b" (Left, Right : Set) @b Set @b Union; @b Intersection (Target : @b Set; Source : @b Set); @b Intersection (Left, Right : Set) @b Set; @b "@b" (Left, Right : Set) @b Set @b Intersection; @b Difference (Target : @b Set; Source : @b Set); @b Difference (Left, Right : Set) @b Set; @b "-" (Left, Right : Set) @b Set @b Difference; @b Symmetric_Difference (Target : @b Set; Source : @b Set); @b Symmetric_Difference (Left, Right : Set) @b Set; @b "@b" (Left, Right : Set) @b Set @b Symmetric_Difference; @b Overlap (Left, Right : Set) @b Boolean; @b Is_Subset (Subset : Set; Of_Set : Set) @b Boolean; @b Capacity (Container : Set) @b Count_Type; @b Reserve_Capacity (Container : @b Set; Capacity : @b Count_Type); @b @b Key_Type (<@>) @b; @b Key (Element : @b Element_Type) @b Key_Type; @b Hash (Key : Key_Type) @b Hash_Type; @b Equivalent_Keys (Left : Key_Type; Right : Element_Type) @b Boolean; @b Generic_Keys @b @b Contains (Container : Set; Key : Key_Type) @b Boolean; @b Find (Container : Set; Key : Key_Type) @b Cursor; @b Key (Position : Cursor) @b Key_Type; @b Element (Container : Set; Key : Key_Type) @b Element_Type; @b Replace (Container : @b Set; Key : @b Key_Type; New_Item : @b Element_Type); @b Delete (Container : @b Set; Key : @b Key_Type); @b Exclude (Container : @b Set; Key : @b Key_Type); @b Update_Element_Preserving_Key (Container : @b Set; Position : @b Cursor; Process : @b (Element : @b Element_Type)); @b Equivalent_Keys (Left : Cursor; Right : Key_Type) @b Boolean; @b Equivalent_Keys (Left : Key_Type; Right : Cursor) @b Boolean; @b Generic_Keys; @b ... -- @ft<@i> @b Ada.Containers.Hashed_Sets;> An object of type Set contains an expandable hash table, which is used to provide direct access to elements. The @i of an object of type Set is the maximum number of elements that can be inserted into the hash table prior to it being automatically expanded. Two elements @i and @i are defined to be @i if Equivalent_Elements (@i, @i) returns True. Function Hash is expected to return the same value each time it is called with a particular element value. For any two equivalent elements, Hash is expected to return the same value. If Hash behaves in some other manner, the behavior of this package is unspecified. Which subprograms of this package call Hash, and how many times they call it, is unspecified. Function Equivalent_Elements is expected to return the same value each time it is called with a particular pair of element values. For any two elements @i and @i, the boolean values Equivalent_Elements (@i, @i) and Equivalent_Elements (@i, @i) are expected to be equal. If Equivalent_Elements behaves in some other manner, the behavior of this package is unspecified. Which subprograms of this package call Equivalent_Elements, and how many times they call it, is unspecified. If the value of an element stored in a set is changed other than by an operation in this package such that at least one of Hash or Equivalent_Elements give different results, the behavior of this package is unspecified. Which elements are the first element and the last element of a set, and which element is the successor of a given element, are unspecified, other than the general semantics described in A.18.7. @xcode<@b Clear (Container : @b Set);> @xindent @xcode<@b Insert (Container : @b Set; New_Item : @b Element_Type; Position : @b Cursor; Inserted : @b Boolean);> @xindent @xcode<@b First (Container : Set) @b Cursor;> @xindent @xcode<@b Equivalent_Elements (Left, Right : Cursor) @b Boolean;> @xindent @xcode<@b Equivalent_Elements (Left : Cursor; Right : Element_Type) @b Boolean;> @xindent @xcode<@b Equivalent_Elements (Left : Element_Type; Right : Cursor) @b Boolean;> @xindent @xcode<@b Capacity (Container : Set) @b Count_Type;> @xindent @xcode<@b Reserve_Capacity (Container : @b Set; Capacity : @b Count_Type);> @xindent @xindent For any element @i, the function Generic_Keys.Hash must be such that Hash (@i) = Generic_Keys.Hash (Key (@i)). If Key or Generic_Keys.Hash behave in some other manner, the behavior of Generic_Keys is unspecified. Which subprograms of Generic_Keys call Generic_Keys.Hash, and how many times they call it, is unspecified. For any two elements @i and @i, the boolean values Equivalent_Element (@i, @i), Equivalent_Keys (Key (@i), @i), and Equivalent_Keys (Key (@i), @i) are all expected to be equal. If Key or Equivalent behave in some other manner, the behavior of Generic_Keys is unspecified. Which subprograms of Generic_Keys call Equivalent, and how many times they call it, is unspecified. @xcode<@b Equivalent_Keys (Left : Cursor; Right : Key_Type) @b Boolean;> @xindent @xcode<@b Equivalent_Keys (Left : Key_Type; Right : Cursor) @b Boolean;> @xindent @i<@s8> If @i is the length of a set, the average time complexity of the subprograms Insert, Include, Replace, Delete, Exclude and Find that take an element parameter should be O(log @i). The average time complexity of the subprograms that take a cursor parameter should be O(1). The average time complexity of Reserve_Capacity should be O(@i). !corrigendum A.18.9 @dinsc @i<@s8> The generic library package Containers.Ordered_Sets has the following declaration: @xcode<@b @b Element_Type @b; @b "<" (Left, Right : Element_Type) @b Boolean @b <@>; @b "=" (Left, Right : Element_Type) @b Boolean @b <@>; @b Ada.Containers.Ordered_Sets @b @b Preelaborate (Ordered_Sets); @b Set @b; @b Cursor @b; Empty_Set : @b Set; No_Element : @b Cursor; @b "=" (Left, Right : Set) @b Boolean; @b Equivalent_Sets (Left, Right : Set) @b Boolean; @b Length (Container : Set) @b Count_Type; @b Is_Empty (Container : Set) @b Boolean; @b Clear (Container : @b Set); @b Element (Position : Cursor) @b Element_Type; @b Query_Element (Position : @b Cursor; Process : @b (Element : @b Element_Type)); @b Replace_Element (Container : @b Set; Position : @b Cursor; By : @b Element_Type); @b Move (Target : @b Set; Source : @b Set); @b Insert (Container : @b Set; New_Item : @b Element_Type; Position : @b Cursor; Inserted : @b Boolean); @b Insert (Container : @b Set; New_Item : @b Element_Type); @b Include (Container : @b Set; New_Item : @b Element_Type); @b Replace (Container : @b Set; New_Item : @b Element_Type); @b Delete (Container : @b Set; Item : @b Element_Type); @b Exclude (Container : @b Set; Item : @b Element_Type); @b Delete (Container : @b Set; Position : @b Cursor); @b Delete_First (Container : @b Set); @b Delete_Last (Container : @b Set); @b Union (Target : @b Set; Source : @b Set); @b Union (Left, Right : Set) @b Set; @b "@b" (Left, Right : Set) @b Set @b Union; @b Intersection (Target : @b Set; Source : @b Set); @b Intersection (Left, Right : Set) @b Set; @b "@b" (Left, Right : Set) @b Set @b Intersection; @b Difference (Target : @b Set; Source : @b Set); @b Difference (Left, Right : Set) @b Set; @b "-" (Left, Right : Set) @b Set @b Difference; @b Symmetric_Difference (Target : @b Set; Source : @b Set); @b Symmetric_Difference (Left, Right : Set) @b Set; @b "@b" (Left, Right : Set) @b Set @b Symmetric_Difference; @b Overlap (Left, Right : Set) @b Boolean; @b Is_Subset (Subset : Set; Of_Set : Set) @b Boolean; @b Contains (Container : Set; Item : Element_Type) @b Boolean; @b Find (Container : Set; Item : Element_Type) @b Cursor; @b Floor (Container : Set; Item : Element_Type) @b Cursor; @b Ceiling (Container : Set; Item : Element_Type) @b Cursor; @b First (Container : Set) @b Cursor; @b First_Element (Container : Set) @b Element_Type; @b Last (Container : Set) @b Cursor; @b Last_Element (Container : Set) @b Element_Type; @b Next (Position : Cursor) @b Cursor; @b Next (Position : @b Cursor); @b Previous (Position : Cursor) @b Cursor; @b Previous (Position : @b Cursor); @b Has_Element (Position : Cursor) @b Boolean; @b "<" (Left, Right : Cursor) @b Boolean; @b "@>" (Left, Right : Cursor) @b Boolean; @b "<" (Left : Cursor; Right : Element_Type) @b Boolean; @b "@>" (Left : Cursor; Right : Element_Type) @b Boolean; @b "<" (Left : Element_Type; Right : Cursor) @b Boolean; @b "@>" (Left : Element_Type; Right : Cursor) @b Boolean; @b Iterate (Container : @b Set; Process : @b (Position : @b Cursor)); @b Reverse_Iterate (Container : @b Set; Process : @b (Position : @b Cursor)); @b @b Key_Type (<@>) @b; @b Key (Element : Element_Type) @b Key_Type; @b "<" (Left : Key_Type; Right : Element_Type) @b Boolean @b <@>; @b "@>" (Left : Key_Type; Right : Element_Type) @b Boolean @b <@>; @b Generic_Keys @b @b Contains (Container : Set; Key : Key_Type) @b Boolean; @b Find (Container : Set; Key : Key_Type) @b Cursor; @b Floor (Container : Set; Item : Key_Type) @b Cursor; @b Ceiling (Container : Set; Item : Key_Type) @b Cursor; @b Key (Position : Cursor) @b Key_Type; @b Element (Container : Set; Key : Key_Type) @b Element_Type; @b Replace (Container : @b Set; Key : @b Key_Type; New_Item : @b Element_Type); @b Delete (Container : @b Set; Key : @b Key_Type); @b Exclude (Container : @b Set; Key : @b Key_Type); @b "<" (Left : Cursor; Right : Key_Type) @b Boolean; @b "@>" (Left : Cursor; Right : Key_Type) @b Boolean; @b "<" (Left : Key_Type; Right : Cursor) @b Boolean; @b "@>" (Left : Key_Type; Right : Cursor) @b Boolean; @b Update_Element_Preserving_Key (Container : @b Set; Position : @b Cursor; Process : @b (Element : @b Element_Type)); @b Generic_Keys; @b ... -- @ft<@i> @b Ada.Containers.Ordered_Sets;> Two elements @i and @i are @i if both @i < @i and @i < @i return False, using the generic formal "<" operator for elements. Functions "<" and "=" on Element_Type values are expected to return the same result value each time they are called with a particular pair of element values. If @i = @i returns True, then @i = @i is expected to also return True. If @i < @i returns True, then @i < @i is expected to return False. For any two equivalent elements, "=" is expected to return True. If "<" or "=" behaves in some other manner, the behavior of this package is unspecified. Which subprograms of this package call "<" and "=", and how many times these functions are called, is unspecified. If the value of an element stored in a set is changed other than by an operation in this package such that at least one of "<" or "=" give different results, the behavior of this package is unspecified. The first element of a nonempty set is the one which is less than all the other elements in the set. The last element of a nonempty set is the one which is greater than all the other elements in the set. The successor of an element is the smallest element that is larger than the given element. The predecessor of an element is the largest element that is smaller than the given element. All comparisons are done using the generic formal "<" operator for elements. @xcode<@b Delete_First (Container : @b Set);> @xindent @xcode<@b Delete_Last (Container : @b Set);> @xindent @xcode<@b Floor (Container : Set; Item : Element_Type) @b Cursor;> @xindent @xcode<@b Ceiling (Container : Set; Item : Element_Type) @b Cursor;> @xindent @xcode<@b First_Element (Container : Set) @b Element_Type;> @xindent @xcode<@b Last (Container : Set) @b Cursor;> @xindent @xcode<@b Last_Element (Container : Set) @b Element_Type;> @xindent @xcode<@b Previous (Position : Cursor) @b Cursor;> @xindent @xcode<@b Previous (Position : @b Cursor);> @xindent @xcode<@b "<" (Left, Right : Cursor) @b Boolean;> @xindent @xcode<@b "@>" (Left, Right : Cursor) @b Boolean;> @xindent @xcode<@b "<" (Left : Cursor; Right : Element_Type) @b Boolean;> @xindent @xcode<@b "@>" (Left : Cursor; Right : Element_Type) @b Boolean;> @xindent @xcode<@b "<" (Left : Element_Type; Right : Cursor) @b Boolean;> @xindent @xcode<@b "@>" (Left : Element_Type; Right : Cursor) @b Boolean;> @xindent @xcode<@b Reverse_Iterate (Container : @b Set; Process : @b (Position : @b Cursor));> @xindent For any two elements @i and @i, the boolean values (@i < @i), (Key(@i) < @i), and (Key(@i) > @i) are all expected to be equal. If Key, Generic_Keys."<", or Generic_Keys.">" behave in some other manner, the behavior of this package is unspecified. Which subprograms of this package call Key, Generic_Keys."<" and Generic_Keys.">", and how many times the functions are called, is unspecified. In addition to the semantics described in A.18.7, the subprograms in package Generic_Keys named Floor, Ceiling, "<", and ">", are equivalent to the corresponding subprograms in the parent package, with the difference that the Key subprogram parameter is compared to elements in the container using the Generic_Keys generic formal relational operators. @i<@s8> If @i is the length of a set, then the worst-case time complexity of the Insert, Include, Replace, Delete, Exclude and Find operations that take an element parameter should be O((log @i)**2) or better. The worst-case time complexity of the subprograms that take a cursor parameter should be O(1). !corrigendum A.18.10 @dinsc The language-defined generic package Containers.Indefinite_Vectors provides a private type Vector and a set of operations. It provides the same operations as the package Containers.Vectors (see A.18.2) does, with the difference that the generic formal Element_Type is indefinite. @i<@s8> The declaration of the generic library package Containers.Indefinite_Vectors has the same contents as Containers.Vectors except: @xbullet @xbullet !corrigendum A.18.11 @dinsc The language-defined generic package Containers.Indefinite_Doubly_Linked_Lists provides private types List and Cursor, and a set of operations for each type. It provides the same operations as the package Containers.Doubly_Linked_Lists (see A.18.3) does, with the difference that the generic formal Element_Type is indefinite. @i<@s8> The declaration of the generic library package Containers.Indefinite_Doubly_Linked_Lists has the same contents as Containers.Doubly_Linked_Lists except: @xbullet @xbullet @xcode< @b Insert (Container : @b List; Before : @b Cursor; Position : @b Cursor; Count : @b Count_Type := 1);> @xindent @xbullet !corrigendum A.18.12 @dinsc The language-defined generic package Containers.Indefinite_Hashed_Maps provides a map with the same operations as the package Containers.Hashed_Maps (see A.18.5), with the difference that the generic formal types Key_Type and Element_Type are indefinite. @i<@s8> The declaration of the generic library package Containers.Indefinite_Hashed_Maps has the same contents as Containers.Hashed_Maps except: @xbullet @xbullet @xbullet @xcode< @b Insert (Container : @b Map; Key : @b Key_Type; Position : @b Cursor; Inserted : @b Boolean);> @xindent @xbullet !corrigendum A.18.13 @dinsc The language-defined generic package Containers.Indefinite_Ordered_Maps provides a map with the same operations as the package Containers.Ordered_Maps (see A.18.6), with the difference that the generic formal types Key_Type and Element_Type are indefinite. @i<@s8> The declaration of the generic library package Containers.Indefinite_Ordered_Maps has the same contents as Containers.Ordered_Maps except: @xbullet @xbullet @xbullet @xcode< @b Insert (Container : @b Map; Key : @b Key_Type; Position : @b Cursor; Inserted : @b Boolean);> @xindent @xbullet !corrigendum A.18.14 @dinsc The language-defined generic package Containers.Indefinite_Hashed_Sets provides a set with the same operations as the package Containers.Hashed_Sets (see A.18.8), with the difference that the generic formal type Element_Type is indefinite. @i<@s8> The declaration of the generic library package Containers.Indefinite_Hashed_Sets has the same contents as Containers.Hashed_Sets except: @xbullet @xbullet !corrigendum A.18.15 @dinsc The language-defined generic package Containers.Indefinite_Ordered_Sets provides a set with the same operations as the package Containers.Ordered_Sets (see A.18.9), with the difference that the generic formal type Element_Type is indefinite. @i<@s8> The declaration of the generic library package Containers.Indefinite_Ordered_Sets has the same contents as Containers.Ordered_Sets except: @xbullet @xbullet !corrigendum A.18.16 @dinsc The language-defined generic procedures Containers.Generic_Array_Sort and Containers.Generic_Constrained_Array_Sort provide sorting on arbitrary array types. @i<@s8> The generic library procedure Containers.Generic_Array_Sort has the following declaration: @xcode<@b @b Index_Type @b (<@>); @b Element_Type @b; @b Array_Type @b (Index_Type @b <@>) @b Element_Type; @b "<" (Left, Right : Element_Type) @b Boolean @b <@>; @b Ada.Containers.Generic_Array_Sort (Container : @b Array_Type); @b Pure (Ada.Containers.Generic_Array_Sort);> @xindent The generic library procedure Containers.Generic_Constrained_Array_Sort has the following declaration: @xcode<@b @b Index_Type @b (<@>); @b Element_Type @b; @b Array_Type @b (Index_Type) @b Element_Type; @b "<" (Left, Right : Element_Type) @b Boolean @b <@>; @b Ada.Containers.Generic_Constrained_Array_Sort (Container : @b Array_Type); @b Pure (Ada.Containers.Generic_Constrained_Array_Sort);> @xindent @i<@s8> The worst-case time complexity of a call on an instantiation of Containers.Generic_Array_Sort or Containers.Generic_Constrained_Array_Sort should be O(@i**2) or better, and the average time complexity should be better than O(@i**2), where @i is the length of the Container parameter. Containers.Generic_Array_Sort and Containers.Generic_Constrained_Array_Sort should minimize copying of elements. !ACATS Test ACATS tests will be needed for this library. !appendix Report of the ARG Select Committee on Containers February 3, 2004 Executive Summary The committee selected the second proposal as a starting point for a standard containers library, with a number of simple changes. The changes were simple enough that we produced a version of the library with the changes made (AI-00302-3/01). The resulting proposal is not much larger than the Vector and Matrix libraries already adopted for the standard. It also should be a good seed for a more encompassing secondary standard. Therefore, we recommend that the ARG adopt this alternative for the standard. By the ARG Select Committee on Containers: Randy Brukardt Bob Duff Tucker Taft Full Report Goals A core library of containers is an important addition to Ada. Other competitive programming languages include standard sets of containers, and these are widely used. Users often note that a standard set of containers is a missing piece of Ada. In addition, adding such containers to the standard is not a large burden on implementers. However, the resources available for work on the standard preclude adding a large container library to the standard. If the library is too large, it will be insufficiently reviewed, and that has the danger of providing something useless. Therefore, the committee settled on a limited set of goals: (1) To provide a number of the most useful containers to Ada users in a standard fashion; (2) To provide a framework for future work in this area (hopefully leading to a secondary or de-facto standard). We considered other goals as well. Performance issues were deemed of secondary importance. Most uses of containers (indeed, most software) do not have critical performance requirements. To provide a library with the variety of components needed to meet critical requirements (bounded and unbounded forms, array and list implementations, etc.) would be beyond the resources available to work on the standard. Moreover, the existence of many components actually makes construction of simple applications harder: the programmer has to choose a component based on performance considerations that are simply irrelevant for the application. Evaluation of existing proposals We determined that the most important containers are the following: * extensible "vectors" (like an array, indexed by any discrete type); * (hashed) "maps" (or "hash table", with arbitrary keys); * (sorted) "sets" (set of arbitrary items). The names "map", "set", and "vector" are those used in the Java containers. We evaluated the two proposals for their support of these components. Alternative 1 (AI-302-1/07) contains a number of low level data structure components such as Lists, Bags, Queues, etc. These can be used to create "vector", "map", and "set" containers, but the containers themselves are absent. Moreover, most of these components are relatively easy to create when needed. Alternative 2 (AI-302-2/02) contains mainly five containers: vector, list, map, set, and multiset. These include the abstractions mentioned above. We also determined that the basic design was consistent and sound. Therefore, we discarded alternative 1, and concentrated on improving and simplifying alternative 2. We decided the sorts of changes that we would consider. The great value to having containers in the standard is that they are standard: everybody has them and can use them. Perfection is not required of the standard components. Moreover, what is one person's "improvement" is another's "mistake". In addition, we run the risk of introducing real errors by further fiddling. Therefore, we decided to simplify the interfaces by deleting unnecessary capabilities, by systematic substitutions, and by introducing missing capabilities (along with general wordsmithing). In particular, we avoided changing existing interfaces unless there was a clear error. The specific improvements and simplifications are detailed in the Appendix. Performance issues For the purposes of components in the standard, the precise performance of them is not important. Whatever the performance is will be good enough for the vast majority of uses - in prototyping, quick and dirty programs, and the majority of programs that aren't performance critical. Therefore, we provide only a single version of each component. We don't, for instance, provide both Vectors and Lists, which are really the same abstraction with the different performance characteristics. However, it is important that the performance characteristics of the components be specified. That is, if searches are expected to be no worse than O(N), we need to say that. That's because we want programs using the components to be portable. That wouldn't be true for programs using components with large numbers of items if the performance characteristics vary widely between implementations. Consider a Vector component. It could in theory be implemented with an array or with a linked list. The cost of an arbitrary insertion is O(N) for the array implementation and O(1) for the list implementation. If a program using a large vector is moved from a list implementation to an array implementation, the performance change could be so large as to make the program non-functional. That is unacceptable, so we specify minimum performance characteristics. But those characteristics are not intended to specify a particular implementation, only to insure that some characteristics can be relied upon. Therefore, the containers library needs to suggest some performance characteristics. We believe Implementation Advice is best for this purpose, as we don't have to be as precise in the language defining the characteristics, and implementations are required to document deviations from the given advice. Appendix Detailed changes made to the Alternative 2 proposal The Unchecked_Modification packages were dropped. These are just a hack to avoid copying keys - a solely performance-based concern. Other stuff does not logically belong in keys, and modifying the key value itself it a disaster waiting to happen. The Vector, List, and Multiset abstractions are essentially the same abstraction with differences in performance and details. When performance is not critical, only one is needed. The package structure has many levels of empty packages for organization. These are unnecessary when there are only a few packages. Moreover, related packages can be given similar names (i.e. "Bounded_Set", "Protected_Vector"), which provides all of the organization needed. The extra empty packages were eliminated. Similarly, "Unbounded" was dropped; these are the most general forms, and should be the ones used for general-purpose programming. Other forms (in a secondary standard) would be more specialized. We discussed dropping the special string maps. We eventually decided to keep them, because string maps are common, and a Map cannot be instantiated with "String" (the key type must be definite). We also discussed whether Sets should be sorted. We concluded that the extra cost of sorted insertions is fairly small, and thus there is little advantage to using unsorted sets other than when performance is critical (which again is not the purpose of the standard). We did, however, name the package "Sorted_Sets" so that a basic unsorted set could be provided in a secondary standard without contorted naming. We added a modular Hash_Type to Ada.Containers. The choice of Integer'Base is a horrible one on compilers that use 16-bit Integer (as allowed by the standard), and in any case, the hashing type should be modular. The string hash and comparison functions were moved to be part of the Ada.Strings hierarchy. It would be a bad idea to have the hash functions of all types gathered in one place (in the containers library). Unbounded string hash and comparison functions were added. We changed the type names to the more descriptive "Vector_Type", "Map_Type", and "Set_Type". These are much better for users who use Use clauses. The argument that having a common name makes it easier to change between containers is mostly irrelevant: changing between the provided containers is going to be rare. Moreover, qualifying "Container_Type" (that is, "Vector.Container_Type") would be necessary in any unit with more than one container -- eliminating any advantage for using the same name. The proposal confused the meaning of "iterator", using it both for the code that visits each element of a container (the conventional meaning) and the "handle" or "cursor" used to access an element of a container. We decided to use "cursor" for the second meaning to make the interfaces clearer. We added a sort routine to Vector. For some reason, this was only present in the (removed) List abstraction. Having a simple sort available can simplify many programming problems. We added legality rules that these packages must be instantiated at the library level. The requirement that these packages do not leak memory (like Ada.Strings.Unbounded) imply that they are implemented with controlled types (or something like controlled types). We do not want to implicitly require implementers to support nested controlled types without making that support available to users. (If AI-344 or AC-50 were adopted, we could drop these rules.) The proposal was completely missing definitions for the string hash and compare functions. Performance requirements were moved from the !proposal into Implementation Advice. As much as possible, mention of specific implementation strategies was moved into AARM notes following that Advice. (We're not going to specify red-black trees!). An Assert pragma was added to the Vector package to prevent instantiation with a type for which Index_Type'Base'First = Index_Type'First. For such a type, the initial value of Last and the value of Front must necessarily raise Constraint_Error. It's better to fail an assertion immediately, rather than during some later operation. The Map container in the proposal is far too specific to a particular implementation. It exposes that implementation in the interface, and as a result makes iteration operations harder. That seems like a bad choice for a simple abstraction; it's fine to suggest an implementation, but bad to make it part of the interface. We therefore simplified the interface and the description. (We consulted with the author of the proposal on this and other changes.) **************************************************************** From: Marius Amado Alves Sent: Wednesday, February 4, 2004 5:13 AM >Report of the ARG Select Committee on Containers >February 3, 2004 >... Sorry for my poor knowledge of ARG procedure. Does this step mean the library is secured for Ada 2005? Thanks. **************************************************************** From: Martin Dowie Sent: Wednesday, February 4, 2004 5:30 AM > Sorry for my poor knowledge of ARG procedure. > Does this step mean the library is secured for Ada 2005? > Thanks. Nope - it's still a "Work Item", see: http://www.ada-auth.org/cgi-bin/cvsweb.cgi/AIs/AI-20302.TXT?rev=1.1 Also, in the text of the AI :- with Ada.Containers; package Ada.Strings.Case_Insensitive is pragma Pure (Case_Insensitive); function "=" (Left, Right : String) return Boolean; function "/=" (Left, Right : String) return Boolean; ^^^^ Guess this wasn't really meant. **************************************************************** From: Martin Dowie Sent: Wednesday, February 4, 2004 8:11 AM 1) Couple of typos in package Ada.Containers.Maps generic with procedure Process (Cursor : in Cursor_Type) is <>; procedure Generic_Iteration (Map : in Map_Type); - description refers to 'Generic_Cursor' function Length (Map : Map_Type) return Natural; - description refers to 'Container' when it should be 'Map' 2) For routines like 'Generic_Iteration' shouldn't the 'Process' generic subprogram parameter not have a 'Stop : out Boolean' parameter? To allow early exit of the iteration, without having to raise exceptions? **************************************************************** From: Martin Dowie Sent: Wednesday, February 4, 2004 8:21 AM Is package Ada.Containers.Maps.Strings[ACMS] really what is intended, as Ada.Containers.Maps[ACM] is generic this means to use ACMS a user must first instantiate ACM and then instantiate ACMS. Charles didn't suffer from this problem as Unbounded maps (~ACM) and String Maps (~ACMS) were siblings not parent/child. **************************************************************** From: Matthew Heaney Sent: Wednesday, February 4, 2004 8:57 AM >2) For routines like 'Generic_Iteration' shouldn't the 'Process' > generic subprogram parameter not have a 'Stop : out Boolean' > parameter? To allow early exit of the iteration, without > having to raise exceptions? Just use an active iterator. **************************************************************** From: Matthew Heaney Sent: Wednesday, February 4, 2004 9:52 AM Note that that's not really the correct mode anyway: it should be inout, not just out, like this: generic with procedure Process (Cursor : in Cursor_Type; Done : in out Boolean) is <>; procedure Generic_Iteration (Map : in out Map_Type); The problem with just out-mode is that you always have to give the parameter a value. But this is wrong, since you shouldn't be compelled to say anything if you merely want to continue. You should only have say something when you want to stop. If you only want to visit some of the items, then just use an active iterator, and exit the loop when you need to: declare I : Cursor_Type := First (M); J : constant Cursor_Type := Back (M); begin while I /= J loop declare E : Element_Type := Element (I); begin --do something with E exit when Predicate (E); end; Increment (I); end loop; end; **************************************************************** From: Martin Dowie Sent: Wednesday, February 4, 2004 10:06 AM [snip] > If you only want to visit some of the items, then just use an active > iterator, and exit the loop when you need to: [snip] I could but wasn't part of the purpose of the library to allow us to do common things more easily? And I'd have to say I'd use a 'Quit' version a _lot_ more than the current process everything, every time one. I'd be delighted if both versions could be included! :-) **************************************************************** From: Matthew Heaney Sent: Wednesday, February 4, 2004 11:16 AM Dowie, Martin (UK) wrote: > I could but wasn't part of the purpose of the library to allow us to > do common things more easily? And I'd have to say I'd use a 'Quit' > version a _lot_ more than the current process everything, > every time one. It would be helpful if you could be specific about what kind of container you were using. The vector has neither active nor passive iterators, which means that for a vector you have to use a loop anyway. For the hashed map, I would find it very odd if you needed to traverse only some of its elements, since elements are stored in hash order. What would be the nature of the predicate? The sorted set is the borderline case. **************************************************************** From: Peter Hermann Sent: Wednesday, February 4, 2004 5:57 AM > package Ada.Strings.Case_Insensitive is indeed useful. expected to be overloaded for fixed and (un)bounded strings. **************************************************************** From: Matthew Heaney Sent: Wednesday, February 4, 2004 9:02 AM >Is package Ada.Containers.Maps.Strings[ACMS] really what is >intended, as Ada.Containers.Maps[ACM] is generic this means >to use ACMS a user must first instantiate ACM and then >instantiate ACMS. That's definitely a bug in the report. The string-key map is not a child of a generic. Maybe we should do this: package Ada.Containers.Maps package Ada.Containers.String_Maps **************************************************************** From: Marius Amado Alves Sent: Wednesday, February 4, 2004 9:07 AM Yes, please change that. There is a steady requirement that a single instantiation must be enough to get a container. **************************************************************** From: Pascal Obry Sent: Wednesday, February 4, 2004 10:10 AM > The problem with just out-mode is that you always have to give the > parameter a value. But this is wrong, since you shouldn't be compelled > to say anything if you merely want to continue. You should only have > say something when you want to stop. Agreed, this is the way iterators are designed in the POSIX 1003.5 standard for example. **************************************************************** From: Marius Amado Alves Sent: Wednesday, February 4, 2004 9:02 AM > 2) For routines like 'Generic_Iteration' shouldn't the 'Process' > generic subprogram parameter not have a 'Stop : out Boolean' > parameter? To allow early exit of the iteration, without > having to raise exceptions? Indeed some people ban the use of exceptions for control flow. I guess they are not a majority in the committee. Fortunately ;-) /* However to take the exception route the exception should be defined. (Exit/Terminate_Immediately, _Now, _Prematurely?) Or a specification be made of what exceptions the iterator is guaranteed to propagate. Simply "all" would do. Maybe this is already there. I'm sorry, I didn't had time to read the AI fully yet. */ **************************************************************** From: Randy Brukardt Sent: Wednesday, February 4, 2004 8:55 PM Marius Amado Alves wrote: > Sorry for my poor knowledge of ARG procedure. > Does this step mean the library is secured for Ada 2005? What it means is that the study committee has issued a report. No more, and no less. I would hope that we know more after the March ARG meeting, but there is no guarantee that we'll work on it (we never seem to get to everything on the agenda - we didn't work on AI-351, Time Ops in San Diego, for instance). Primarily, we just "cleaned up" Matt Heaney's proposal. We didn't change (as opposed to remove) functionality, with the exception of the Map container (where we reverted to a design more like the one Charles actually uses - with Matt's input). So the vast majority of design decisions are Matt's -- we'd prefer to avoid design-by-committee. Martin Dowie wrote: > Is package Ada.Containers.Maps.Strings[ACMS] really what is > intended, as Ada.Containers.Maps[ACM] is generic this means > to use ACMS a user must first instantiate ACM and then > instantiate ACMS. Nope, that's clearly a bug. String_Maps ought to be usable by itself (it doesn't depend on the other package at all). (And this one is my fault, for not noticing the effect of the change.) And later, replying to Matt: >[snip] >> If you only want to visit some of the items, then just use an active >> iterator, and exit the loop when you need to: >[snip] >I could but wasn't part of the purpose of the library to allow us to >do common things more easily? And I'd have to say I'd use a 'Quit' >version a _lot_ more than the current process everything, >every time one. My understanding of Matt's design is that you use the passive iterator when you want to process everything (which is by far the most common), and you use an active iterator when you want to process part of the items. You might use an exception to terminate iteration in an error case, but not if you intended only to process part of the items. (Of course, there is no law requiring that, so YMMV!) I hadn't noticed that there is no passive iterator for vectors until Matt pointed it out last night (about 20 minutes before we released the report!). Consistency would suggest that there should be one, but note that it is easier to write an active iterator for a vector than it is to write a passive one: for I in First(Vect) .. Last(Vect) loop -- Do whatever. end loop; versus declare procedure Process (I : in Index_Subtype) is begin -- Do whatever. end Process; procedure Do_It_All is new Generic_Iterator (Process); begin Do_It_All (Vect); end; Besides being longer and harder to read, you have to know or look up the index subtype for the vector in order to write this. So we reached no conclusion about that in the 20 minutes we had to think about it. Marius Amado Alves wrote: > /* However to take the exception route the exception should be defined. > (Exit/Terminate_Immediately, _Now, _Prematurely?) Or a specification be made > of what exceptions the iterator is guaranteed to propagate. Simply "all" > would do. Maybe this is already there. I'm sorry, I didn't had time to read > the AI fully yet. */ The wording for Generic_Iteration for a Map says: Generic_Iteration calls Process with a cursor that designates each node in the Map. Any exceptions raised during Process are propagated. So it's covered. This is important, because it means that the implementation must be able to clean itself up (if any is needed) when an exception propagates - it can't leave the Map in an unstable state. **************************************************************** From: Jeffrey Carter Sent: Wednesday, February 4, 2004 8:53 PM AI-302-03 asks > Anybody got better wording [for the quality of the String hashing > function]? Matt was nice enough to ignore these definitions > completely! See P. K. Pearson, "Fast Hashing of Variable-Length Text Strings," Comm. ACM, 1990 Jun It describes a "hashing function specifically tailored to variable-length text strings." It says that "similar strings are not likely to collide." (An implementation can be found in PragmARC.Hash_Fast_Variable_Length.) Perhaps you might think this last quote is "better wording". The actual algorithm produces 8-bit hash values, which may no longer be considered adequate, given > Hash_Type'Modulus shall be at least as large as the smaller of > System.Max_Binary_Modulus and 2**32. I have some comments on the proposal: The proposal has a structure called a "Vector" which is actually a list, which is a sequence that allows insertions and deletions at any point. "Vector" refers to a mathematical concept related to matrices to most software engineers. It may be that the STL refers to lists as vectors, but I hope we do not have to follow C++'s mistakes. Further, the proposal requires an inefficient array implementation, and several of the operations refer to this implementation. I think this is a mistake. Specify an general, unbounded list and let the implementor choose the implementation (which could be an array). As the proposal points out, correctly implementing a general list is not trivial, so it makes sense for a standard library to provide a list. Maps and sets also specify a specific implementation. If the intention is to have an extensible array structure, then I suggest that they be called Extensible_Arrays. Vector should have an iterator, in addition to allowing the user to explicitly iterate over the structure. > Open issue: This function returns a value that doesn't depend on it's > parameter. It possibility could be removed in favor of just saying > Index_Type'Pred(Index_Type'First) appropriately. Committee discussion > with the original proposal's author was inconclusive. I'd say that it should be a constant, not a function. The same seems to hold for First. Given that Back is defined as Index_Type'Succ (Last (Vector) ), and Last (Vector) could be Index_Type'Last, there seems to be a problem. There should be an assertion that Index_Type'Base'Last > Index_Type'Last. All the problems with Index_Type disappear with a general list, which would use a cursor. I would propose that the sort algorithm be made available to users for normal array types as well as for vectors. That would involve putting it in its own library unit and refering to that unit in Vectors. The Map structure is required to be implemented with a hash table. If we're going to have such a requirement, it should at least be named Hashed_Maps. An important thing about maps is that they provide fast searching, typically based on a lower-level structure such as a hash table or balanced tree. Such structures have uses of their own in addition to creating maps, and independent of the key/value concept of a map. For example, an application may collect a number of values and then need to quickly determine if a value is in that collection, and a searchable structure with a Get_First operation can be used for a priority queue. None of these applications use key/value pairs. Therefore, I think it's important to provide the underlying searchable structure to users. (Indeed, given the ease with which a user can wrap a key/value pair in a record, define comparison operations for that record that only use the key part, and create a map structure, given the existence of a searchable structure, it could be argued, since the proposal states that easily implemented structures should not be part of the library, that the library should only supply searchable structures, and not maps.) Do we really need Maps.[Wide_]Strings, given that an Unbounded_String can be used for the key type, and that this library should not be used for applications in which the use of Unbounded_Strings is not acceptable? The Sets package is mostly incomprehensible. Sets deal with elements, and operations must include testing if an element is in a set, creating a set from a list of elements (set "literals"), and set union, intersection, difference, and symmetric difference. Except for the membership test, these are missing from the package, so I don't see what it has to do with sets. It appears to be a searchable structure, not a set. This is corroborated by the package Generic_Keys, which allows the structure to be used as a map. The discussion of the package begins by talking about nodes, which is an undefined term. The reader has no idea what it has to do with the package, which is not specified in terms of nodes. "Sans" is a French word. Since the ARM is in English, we should use the English "without" instead. "No" might also be acceptable. I'd like to thank the select committee for their work. No library will completely please everyone. I will welcome any standard container library in Ada 0X. **************************************************************** From: Tucker Taft Sent: Wednesday, February 4, 2004 9:24 PM The term "vector" for extensible array is used in Java as well. I think we should strive to use terminology that has become widely used in the programming community. I personally consider an extensible array (i.e. a vector) a useful and important standard container. I don't feel the same way about a linked list, because it is so easy to implement what you want, and there are so many options when it comes to how to link the objects together that having a standard container for that hardly seems worthwhile (IMHO). So we settled on Vector, Map, and Set as three basic yet important abstractions that will help lift the level of programming above arrays and records. In my experience with using languages that have large container libraries, it is these three that are used more widely than all the others combined. **************************************************************** From: Randy Brukardt Sent: Wednesday, February 4, 2004 9:29 PM I agree with one caveat: we're already adding something else called "Vector" to the standard (see AI-296), and two might just be too confusing. But, the container vector is more useful than the list container (because of the calculated O(1) access to elements). And they're too similar to support both when we're trying to support something managable. **************************************************************** From: Randy Brukardt Sent: Wednesday, February 4, 2004 9:39 PM Jeffrey Carter said: ... > Further, the proposal requires an inefficient array implementation, and > several of the operations refer to this implementation. I think this is > a mistake. Specify an general, unbounded list and let the implementor > choose the implementation (which could be an array). As the proposal > points out, correctly implementing a general list is not trivial, so it > makes sense for a standard library to provide a list. > > Maps and sets also specify a specific implementation. No, an implementation is suggested (in AARM notes), as are performance characteristics. That was one of the larger changes to Matt's original proposal. If we made that change incompletely somewhere, that needs to be fixed. That said, the most important thing is that all implementations have consistent performance characteristics (so that porting a program from GNAT to ObjectAda doesn't fail for performance reasons). If GNAT used an array implementation and ObjectAda used a list implementation for a Vector, access to elements (which would be O(N) on the imagined OA implementation) could be too slow for the port to be viable. That needs to be avoided. OTOH, specifying too much about the implementation would prevent using a better one -- in that case, we might as well just specify the source code of the entire library (including the bodies!), and we don't need all of this wording! > I would propose that the sort algorithm be made available to users for > normal array types as well as for vectors. That would involve putting it > in its own library unit and refering to that unit in Vectors. Bad idea. To do that, you'd need provide generic formal accessor functions; that would have a huge overhead of function calls for both Vectors and Arrays. On a code shared implementation like Janus/Ada, it probably would run ten times slower than the specified one. If we want an array sort, we should declare one: generic type Index_Type is (<>); type Element_Type is private; function "<" (Left, Right : Element_Type) return Boolean is <>; type Array_Type is array (Index_Type) of Element_Type; procedure Ada.Generic_Sort (Arr : in out Array_Type); (We'd need an unconstrained version, too.) But keep it separate from the Vector one (or any List one, for that matter). **************************************************************** From: Matthew Heaney Sent: Thursday, February 5, 2004 9:31 AM I have hosted a reference implementation at my Earthlink home page: For now it only includes the vector. There's a test_sort program in there too, so you have something you can run. I'll have the set and maps done in a few days. **************************************************************** From: Robart A. Duff Sent: Thursday, February 5, 2004 10:13 AM Thanks, Matt! **************************************************************** From: Jeffery Carter Sent: Thursday, February 5, 2004 10:58 AM Randy Brukardt wrote: > No, an implementation is suggested (in AARM notes), as are performance > characteristics. That was one of the larger changes to Matt's original > proposal. If we made that change incompletely somewhere, that needs to be > fixed. The normative text for vectors says "A vector container object manages an unconstrained internal array" That specifies an array implementation. > Bad idea. To do that, you'd need provide generic formal accessor functions; > that would have a huge overhead of function calls for both Vectors and > Arrays. On a code shared implementation like Janus/Ada, it probably would > run ten times slower than the specified one. Given that an array implementation is specified, there is no need for formal accessor functions. The vector can simply call an instantiation of the sort with the appropriate slice of its internal array. Since we require such an algorithm to exist, and it is useful to many users, it makes sense for it to be available outside the vector package. > If we want an array sort, we should declare one: > > generic > type Index_Type is (<>); > type Element_Type is private; > function "<" (Left, Right : Element_Type) return Boolean is <>; > type Array_Type is array (Index_Type) of Element_Type; > procedure Ada.Generic_Sort (Arr : in out Array_Type); > > (We'd need an unconstrained version, too.) But keep it separate from the > Vector one (or any List one, for that matter). If we only have one, I'd prefer it to be unconstrained. That allows operations such as the vector sort discussed above, where the size of the slice may change from call to call, without repeated instantiations. Sort for a list is a different creature. Merge sort is a good choice there, since a list already has the O(N) additional space that merge sort requires for array sorting (in the links), provided you have access to the list internals. Thus you get O(N log N) time in all cases and O(1) space. **************************************************************** From: Randy Brukardt Sent: Thursday, February 5, 2004 3:23 PM Jeff Carter wrote: > The normative text for vectors says > > "A vector container object manages an unconstrained internal array" > > That specifies an array implementation. Precisely my point. That is intended to say that there is a logical array in the container, but not necessarly an actual one. Matt's descriptions were too implementation-specific, and we moved most of that. But I'm not surprised that some was missed. ... > Given that an array implementation is specified, there is no need for > formal accessor functions. The vector can simply call an instantiation > of the sort with the appropriate slice of its internal array. Since we > require such an algorithm to exist, and it is useful to many users, it > makes sense for it to be available outside the vector package. There is no intent that an array implementation is specified (it certainly won't be implemented that way on Janus/Ada); only that the performance characteristics are similar (or better) than that of an array implementation. In any case, I have no idea how an external generic would be able to mess around with the internal array - it certainly can't see it! You'd have to put the sort into the spec in order to do that -- and that's whats proposed and what you're objecting to. **************************************************************** From: Matthew Heaney Sent: Thursday, February 5, 2004 3:40 PM Randy Brukardt wrote: > Precisely my point. That is intended to say that there is a logical array in > the container, but not necessarly an actual one. Yes, exactly. This allows the implementor to leave the type system in order choose the optimal implementation for the vector container. An implementor can use any implementation that satisfies the property that insertion at the back end is (amortized) constant time, and the property that random access is constant time. **************************************************************** From: Jeffrey Carter Sent: Thursday, February 5, 2004 6:52 PM Randy Brukardt wrote: >>The normative text for vectors says >> >>"A vector container object manages an unconstrained internal array" >> >>That specifies an array implementation. > > Precisely my point. That is intended to say that there is a logical array in > the container, but not necessarly an actual one. Matt's descriptions were > too implementation-specific, and we moved most of that. But I'm not > surprised that some was missed. I read it as specifying an implementation. I suggest the wording be revised to make it clear that the discussion is of a logical array, not a requirement for an actual array. > In any case, I have no idea how an external generic would be able to mess > around with the internal array - it certainly can't see it! You'd have to > put the sort into the spec in order to do that -- and that's whats proposed > and what you're objecting to. I guess I wasn't clear. You would provide the external sort, and also specify the sort in the spec, with wording that the sort has the same characteristics as the external sort. This is based on the assumption that an array implementation is specified, so the sort algorithm, useful on arrays, must exist anyway. I'm reminded of my surprise that Ada-83 compilers had to support inifinte-precision arithmetic, but the language did not require that it made available to users. If the compiler writers have to implement the functionality, why not make it available to users? Case-insensitive string comparison is a similar thing: compilers have to recognize that frog, Frog, and FROG are the same identifier, but are (were) not required to make such comparisons available to users. **************************************************************** From: Jeffrey Carter Sent: Thursday, February 5, 2004 11:38 AM Tucker Taft wrote: > The term "vector" for extensible array is used in Java > as well. I think we should strive to use terminology > that has become widely used in the programming community. I disagree, even though I know that's dangerous when discussing Ada with STT. An application that uses both extensible arrays and mathematical vectors will be very confusing if both are called vectors. Since an explicit design goal of Ada is to emphasize ease of reading, calling an extensible array a vector seems inappropriate. > I personally consider an extensible array (i.e. a vector) a useful and > important standard container. I don't feel the same way about a linked > list, because it is so easy to implement what you want, and there > are so many options when it comes to how to link the objects > together that having a standard container for that hardly > seems worthwhile (IMHO). I have no objections to an extensible array, provided it's clearly identified as such. I think it should look different from the proposal, but that's mainly a taste issue. I'd want direct analogs to indexing, both LHS and RHS (Put and Get?); slices, both LHS and RHS (Replace_Slice and Slice?); and 'First, 'Last, and 'Length (though 'First is a constant for an EA). An equivalent to 'range would be nice, but impossible. The only difference to a normal array would be that Put and Replace_Slice can accept indices not in First .. Last. I haven't given it a great deal of thought, so I'm sure I'm missing some subtleties, but I don't see a need for Front, Back, Insert, Delete, and so on. The proposal says that containers "that are relatively easy to code, redundant, or rarely used are omitted". It also says that lists are difficult to implement correctly. Given a list, structures such as deques, stacks, and especially queues are easy to implement. Since queues are common structures and not redundant (none of the proposed containers provides an efficient implementation of a queue), the proposal itself seems to argue that lists should be provided, since they are not easy to code correctly, and provide a basis for the user to easily code queues. > So we settled on Vector, Map, and Set as three basic yet > important abstractions that will help lift the level of > programming above arrays and records. In my experience > with using languages that have large container libraries, > it is these three that are used more widely than all > the others combined. There was an article by Mills [Harlan D. Mills, Richard C. Linger: Data Structured Programming: Program Design without Arrays and Pointers. IEEE Trans. Software Eng. 12(2): 192-197 (1986)] that proposed that applications only use queues, stacks, and sets (real sets, with union, intersection, and such operations). It's an interesting concept, and I agree with the aim of programs using appropriate abstractions and hiding lower level implementation details, especially use of pointers. **************************************************************** From: Alexandre E. Kopilovitch Sent: Thursday, February 5, 2004 9:04 AM Tucker Taft wrote: > The term "vector" for extensible array is used in Java > as well. I think we should strive to use terminology > that has become widely used in the programming community. So call it Java_Vector - that will be at least consistent. Do you think that Java meaning for "vector" is more significant for Ada than mathematical meaning of this term (which never implied extensibility) ? Why not call that thing Flexible_Array (after Algol-68, I think) - this name will directly reflect the essense. **************************************************************** From: Robert A. Duff Sent: Thursday, February 5, 2004 1:37 PM Bill Wulf and other professors at CMU circa late 1970's were using the term "vector" to mean "array" (not necessarily extensible); that's the first time *I* heard it. So it's not a Java-ism. I think this meaning of "vector" derives from the maths meaning, even if it's not precisely the same thing. **************************************************************** From: Stephen Leake Sent: Thursday, February 5, 2004 2:18 PM Jeffrey Carter writes: > Tucker Taft wrote: > > > The term "vector" for extensible array is used in Java > > as well. I think we should strive to use terminology > > that has become widely used in the programming community. > > I disagree, even though I know that's dangerous when discussing Ada > with STT. An application that uses both extensible arrays and > mathematical vectors will be very confusing if both are called > vectors. Since an explicit design goal of Ada is to emphasize ease of > reading, calling an extensible array a vector seems inappropriate. I agree with Tucker. I have code that uses both Cartesian vectors and extensible arrays. One is SAL.Math_Double.DOF_3.Cart_Vector_Type, the other is SAL.Poly.Unbounded_Arrays. Obviously, I have different names for them, as Carter wants. But if I called them SAL.Math_Double.DOF_3.Vector and SAL.Poly.Vector, I would have no chance of confusion. That's what package hierarchies are for. Since both Java and C++ use the term "vector" for an extensible array, I think Ada should also. Part of the point of the OY revision is to make the language more attractive to current users of other languages. This is an easy way to do that. > (Replace_Slice and Slice?); and 'First, 'Last, and 'Length (though > 'First is a constant for an EA). 'First is not constant for SAL.Poly.Unbounded_Arrays; I provide both Append and Prepend operations. I don't think I've ever used Prepend, though; it was really just an exercise in what was possible. > .. I don't see > a need for Front, Back, Insert, Delete, and so on. I use Insert and Delete in real applications. > The proposal says that containers "that are relatively easy to code, > redundant, or rarely used are omitted". It also says that lists are > difficult to implement correctly. Given a list, structures such as > deques, stacks, and especially queues are easy to implement. Since > queues are common structures and not redundant (none of the proposed > containers provides an efficient implementation of a queue), the > proposal itself seems to argue that lists should be provided, since > they are not easy to code correctly, and provide a basis for the > user to easily code queues. I agree. A lists package would be nice. But I also agree with Tucker, that it is difficult to come up with one list package that really meets a wide range of needs. Perhaps one list package, that meets a narrow range of needs, would still be useful. It would set a style standard for other list packages. **************************************************************** From: Matthew Heaney Sent: Thursday, February 5, 2004 2:48 PM Alexandre E. Kopilovitch wrote: > So call it Java_Vector - that will be at least consistent. > > Do you think that Java meaning for "vector" is more significant for Ada than > mathematical meaning of this term (which never implied extensibility) ? > > Why not call that thing Flexible_Array (after Algol-68, I think) - this name > will directly reflect the essense. Tucker T. and Bob D. are both correct: the container is a "vector." Alexandre K. and Jeff C. are both incorrect. The container is not a list, not a Java_Vector, not an Extensible_Array, and not a Flexible_Array. It is a vector. It has the same semantics as the identically-named container in the STL. The one named "vector." The container whose name is vector does not have array semantics. There is no slicing for example. The container whose name is vector has the following important properties: o inserting at the back end is amortized constant time o supports random access of elements, in constant time Yes, internally a vector is implemented as an array. The Size function returns the length of this internal array, and Resize can be used to expand its length. But it is not an array. It is a container. Whose name is "vector". Just like the one in the STL. **************************************************************** From: Alexandre E. Kopilovitch Sent: Thursday, February 5, 2004 3:46 PM No problem with all that if another term was chosen. Now, with "vector", this is name squatting (well, participation in name squatting in Ada case), which is fully appropriate for Java, somehow understandable for C++, but seems (still) inappropriate for Ada, especially taking into account that the involved term belongs to some Ada-friendly domain. **************************************************************** From: Robert A. Duff Sent: Thursday, February 5, 2004 3:38 PM I wrote: > Bill Wulf and other professors at CMU circa late 1970's were using the > term "vector" to mean "array" (not necessarily extensible); that's the > first time *I* heard it. So it's not a Java-ism. Actually, the meaning was "one-dimensional array". But there was no implication that they could grow. > I think this meaning of "vector" derives from the maths meaning, > even if it's not precisely the same thing. I mean, what's a vector in 3-space? Basically, a one-dimensional array of 3 real numbers -- the X, Y, and Z coordinates. Matt wrote: > It is a vector. It has the same semantics as the identically-named > container in the STL. The one named "vector." This stuff comes from the C++ STL. I think gratuitous differences from that are unhelpful. (But I admit that I was one of the folks pushing for "cursor" instead of "iterator".) > The container whose name is vector does not have array semantics. There > is no slicing for example. Well, "no slicing" is hardly fundamental. It could be added, or programmed by the client. > The container whose name is vector has the following important properties: > > o inserting at the back end is amortized constant time > o supports random access of elements, in constant time I think "random access" is the essence of array semantics. After all, anything you can do with an array you can do with a linked list, and vice versa -- the only fundamental difference is the efficiency properties. **************************************************************** From: Matthew Heaney Sent: Thursday, February 5, 2004 9:31 AM Robert A Duff wrote: > This stuff comes from the C++ STL. I think gratuitous differences from > that are unhelpful. (But I admit that I was one of the folks pushing > for "cursor" instead of "iterator".) Yes. The world has settled on the name "vector." Let's use the terms everyone else is using, unless we have a good reason not to. (BTW, that's also why I used the name "Iterator_Type". But I have no issues with the name "Cursor_Type".) > I think "random access" is the essence of array semantics. After all, > anything you can do with an array you can do with a linked list, and > vice versa -- the only fundamental difference is the efficiency > properties. But that's the essence of the argument! Yes, it's *possible* to seek to specific elements in a linked list, but I would hardly call that "random access." If you need fast random access to the elements in a container, and the number of elements in the container is large, then you can effectively rule out using a linked list as the container. Of course you could make the argument the other way. If you need constant-time insertion of elements at any position, then that effectively rules out a vector, in favor of a list. **************************************************************** From: Alexandre E. Kopilovitch Sent: Thursday, February 5, 2004 3:21 PM Robert A Duff wrote: > Bill Wulf and other professors at CMU circa late 1970's were using the > term "vector" to mean "array" (not necessarily extensible); that's the > first time *I* heard it. Yes, CMU always was (as far as I know) primarily engineering educational facility, and I know well that engineers (not software engineers, but rather general kind of engineers) often called "vector" any column or row of numbers. (not bothering themselves with the question how the components of that "vector" transform with a change of coordinate system). But apparently they never used this term for arrays of any other objects, and I almost never seen a case (even in engineering) where "vector" was used for extensible array - except Java and perhaps some C++ libraries. A notable exception is APL, in which "vector" is the basic term, and that "vector" is extensible. But in APL that "vector" is equipped with vast nomenclature of functions, many of them associated with genuine mathematical vectors, so the entire balance for the term was acceptable. > So it's not a Java-ism. Yes, not exactly - there were other precedents of sloppy usage of this term. But nevertheless a strong impression remains that it is exactly Java, which is a real reason, ground and reference for proposing this term for extensible arrays *now and for Ada0Y*. > I think this meaning of "vector" derives from the maths meaning, > even if it's not precisely the same thing. No, not at all - it lacks the primary mathematical meaning of it, and adds the primary feature, which meaning is totally non-mathematical (that is, there is no attempt to bring any mathematical meaning to it... and it will not be simple, if attempted). **************************************************************** From: Matthew Heaney Sent: Thursday, February 5, 2004 5:11 PM Jeffrey Carter wrote: > The actual algorithm produces 8-bit hash values, which may no longer be > considered adequate, given > >> Hash_Type'Modulus shall be at least as large as the smaller of >> System.Max_Binary_Modulus and 2**32. In Charles I copied the hash function from GNAT. I figure if it's good enough for Robert Dewar it's good enough for me... > Vector should have an iterator, in addition to allowing the user to > explicitly iterate over the structure. No. Vector iterators are fragile, and hence very error prone. They are fragile because the (logical) internal array gets thrown away during expansion, which invalidates the iterator. It's too hard to keep track of whether a vector iterator is still valid, and most of the time you end up with a dangling reference. The STL has vector iterators in order to provide the infrastructure necessary to support generic algorithms. In Ada they are not necessary, because you can use locally-declared subprograms to fit within such a framework. >> Open issue: This function returns a value that doesn't depend on it's >> parameter. It possibility could be removed in favor of just saying >> Index_Type'Pred(Index_Type'First) appropriately. Committee discussion >> with the original proposal's author was inconclusive. > > > I'd say that it should be a constant, not a function. The same seems to > hold for First. Front can probably go away. First is there for consistency with other containers. > Given that Back is defined as Index_Type'Succ (Last (Vector) ), and Last > (Vector) could be Index_Type'Last, there seems to be a problem. There > should be an assertion that Index_Type'Base'Last > Index_Type'Last. That's not really possible for generic actual index types such as Natural or Positive. We could get rid of the assertion, but this would impact implementors. That's why it's still an open issue. In my reference implementation, I don't think the generic actual type has to have IT'Base'First < IT'First, since internally I use Integer subtypes for everything. http://home.earthlink.net/~matthewjheaney/charles/ai302-20040205.zip > All the problems with Index_Type disappear with a general list, which > would use a cursor. The original proposal included list containers, but they were not included in the subcommittee report, in order to keep the size of the report more manageable. > An important thing about maps is that they provide fast searching, > typically based on a lower-level structure such as a hash table or > balanced tree. My original proposal had both sorted and hashed maps, but in order to keep the subcommittee report small support for sorted maps was removed. > Such structures have uses of their own in addition to > creating maps, and independent of the key/value concept of a map. For > example, an application may collect a number of values and then need to > quickly determine if a value is in that collection, and a searchable > structure with a Get_First operation can be used for a priority queue. That's what the sorted set is for. > None of these applications use key/value pairs. So use the sorted set. > Therefore, I think it's > important to provide the underlying searchable structure to users. Just use the sorted set container. If guarantees that searches only take O (log N) even in the worst case. > (Indeed, given the ease with which a user can wrap a key/value pair in a > record, define comparison operations for that record that only use the > key part, and create a map structure, given the existence of a > searchable structure, it could be argued, since the proposal states that > easily implemented structures should not be part of the library, that > the library should only supply searchable structures, and not maps.) The (hashed) map stores the key and element as separate components of the internal node of storage. If you have a record like that, containing a key-part component, then use the sorted set, and instantiate the nested generic package Generic_Keys. > Do we really need Maps.[Wide_]Strings, given that an Unbounded_String > can be used for the key type, and that this library should not be used > for applications in which the use of Unbounded_Strings is not acceptable? Yes, we really need string-key maps. > The Sets package is mostly incomprehensible. Sets deal with elements, > and operations must include testing if an element is in a set, creating > a set from a list of elements (set "literals"), and set union, > intersection, difference, and symmetric difference. Except for the > membership test, these are missing from the package, so I don't see what > it has to do with sets. It appears to be a searchable structure, not a > set. This is corroborated by the package Generic_Keys, which allows the > structure to be used as a map. A "set" is really any sorted sequence of items. If you want set intersection, symmetric difference, etc, then just use a generic algorithm. See the Charles library for such algorithms. Of course, if you want target of a set union operation to be the set itself, then just use Insert to insert the items. The subcommittee report has several examples of how sets are used, and there's at least one example showing how to use the nested generic package. See the last two slides in my AE-2003 paper presentation for an example of how to take the union of a set and a (sorted) list: http://home.earthlink.net/~matthewjheaney/charles/charlesppt.htm My original proposal has the same example at the very end: http://home.earthlink.net/~matthewjheaney/charles/ai302.txt > "Sans" is a French word. Since the ARM is in English, we should use the > English "without" instead. "No" might also be acceptable. Je crois que non. C'est une bonne idea. The name for Delete_Sans_Increment comes from Emacs lisp, which has the functions file-name-sans-extension and file-name-sans-versions. It was also in homage to Ada's French history, given that her original designer was French, and worked for a French company. Why do you think "rendevous" was named that way? > I'd like to thank the select committee for their work. No library will > completely please everyone. I will welcome any standard container > library in Ada 0X. If you don't immediately grok how vectors and sets and maps work, then I suggest familiarizing yourself with the STL. There are lots of tutorials on the WWW. I also recommend Stanley Lippman's little book Essential C++. That was my introduction to the STL, and what originally convinced me that Stepanov's approach was the correct one. You might also like Accelerated C++ by Andrew Koenig and Barbara Moo, which uses the STL as a basis for teaching C++. **************************************************************** From: Randy Brukardt Sent: Thursday, February 5, 2004 5:49 PM Matt's too modest. The tutorial that makes up the !example section is actually quite good. I learned a lot about how the packages work (and how to use them) from reading it carefully, and I recommend that everyone do that to better understand Matt's work. **************************************************************** [Editor's note: For continuing mail on this AI, see AI-00302-04.] **************************************************************** Possible improvements from the original author (Matt Heaney), February 18, 2004 o The vector container declares a subtype of its generic formal index type: subtype Index_Subtype is Index_Type; This turns out to be very useful when you need to keep track of what is the range of the vector container index type. I had a real headache when writing an app when I switched from Positive to Natural, and it's because I didn't use an index subtype. We could generalize this for all the containers. For example the map container would look like this: subtype Key_Subtype is Key_Type; subtype Element_Subtype is Element_Type; This turns out to be useful when you need to instantiate the Generic_Element function, which you can do using just the subtypes: type Element_Access is access all XXX_Maps.Element_Subtype; function To_Access is new XXX_Maps.Generic_Element (Element_Access); o There is an open issue about what value Sorted_Sets.Find should return if Find fails to find the search item. It could either be Null_Cursor or it could be the value Back (Set). (The API now says that it's the value Null_Cursor.) The benefit of Null_Cursor is that detecting accidental deferences of the return value of a failed search is easy, since the internal access object is null. However, that breaks symmetry with searches over a sequence, which fall off the end onto Back when the search fails. If we were interested in trying to prevent any dereference of the Back sentinel node of a set, one possibility would be to give the sentinel node a special color (assuming that the set is implemented as a red-black tree, of course), and then test that in the dereference operations Element and Generic_Element. But this might be too paranoid, and there are probably many wrong ways to dereference a cursor that I can't even imagine. And an implementor might use some other data structure that makes the detection difficult or impossible. So we could just return Back and not worry about accidental dereferences. (I don't have any data to suggest that accidental deferences would even be a problem.) I'm beginning to think that I was being a too conservative when I said Find should return Null_Cursor instead of Back, and I'm concerned now about the inconsistency. o This also illustrates the fact that support for aggregate-style operations in the current spec is weak, mostly supporting manipulation of elements one-at-a-time. If we are interesting in a vector being a component for manipulation of unbounded arrays then there are operations in Ada.Strings.Unbounded that might be useful, such as Replace_Slice and Overwrite. One of the errors in Ada.Strings.Unbounded was that to insert an aggregate of elements (characters) into the string you have to insert an array type. But suppose you only have another Unbounded_String? We can generalize insert to allow insertion of a vector or a vector slice into another vector, like this: procedure Insert (Vector : in out Vector_Type; Before : in Index_Type'Base; New_Item : in Vector_Type); procedure Insert (Vector : in out Vector_Type; Before : in Index_Type'Base; New_Item : in Vector_Type; First : in Index_Type'Base; Last : in Index_Type'Base); That's just insertion. Slice assignment could be done using: procedure Replace_Elements (Vector : in Vector_Type; Low : in Index_Type'Base; High : in Index_Type'Base; By : in Element_Type); which provides the vector analog of V (I .. J) := (others => E); We have also discussed assignment operations. A vector is non-limited so of course you can say: V1 := V2; This replaces the target with the entire range of source. Another possibility is to assign to the target just a slice of the source: V1 := V2 (I .. J); Both of these operations would look like this: procedure Assign (Target : in out Vector_Type; Source : in Vector_Type); procedure Assign (Target : in out Vector_Type; Source : in Vector_Type; Low : in Index_Type'Base; High : in Index_Type'Base); We could generalize further still. The operation procedure Assign (Target : in out Vector_Type; Source : in Element_Type; Count : in Element_Count); is the vector analog of subtype Array_Subtype is Array_Type (1 .. Count); V1 := Array_Subtype'(others => Source); Assign operations might also be more efficient than constructor functions, since the target can be built in place, without any controlled finalization and adjustment. Assignment operations are probably more efficient but it might make sense to have constructor functions too: function To_Vector (Length : Element_Count) return Vector_Type; function To_Vector (Source : Vector_Type; Low : Index_Type'Base; High : Index_Type'Base) return Vector_Type; function To_Vector (Source : Element_Type; Count : Element_Count) return Vector_Type; Another possibility is to provide concatenation operators, too. o The aggregate Delete operation looks like this: procedure Delete (Vector : in out Vector_Type; First : in Index_Type'Base; Count : in Natural); But this also feels wrong, since it specifies the first index and a count. Count should probably be reserved for aggregate-style insertions. The analog in Ada.Strings.Unbounded is declared like this: procedure Delete (Vector : in out Vector_Type; From : in Index_Type'Base; Through : in Index_Type'Base); This seems better since it specifies the range using a more traditional Ada closed-range style. o The Resize operation is the analog of the reserve() operation in the STL std::vector class. However, there is no real analog of the resize() operation in std::vector, a member function which expands the internal array as necessary, and sets the number of elements to the specified value. You can do this using other operations but its awkward. It might be better to provide an operation like: procedure Set_Length (Vector : in out Vector_Type; Length : in Element_Count); which sets the length directly. Randy asked whether this would leave "holes" in the vector. But there are no real wholes, since it's just a contiguous array under the hood and so the normal initialization rules for array components apply. o There has been interest in passive iterators for the vector. We should probably include them. Here's what they look like: generic with procedure Process (Element : in Element_Type) is <>; procedure Generic_Constant_Iteration (Vector : in Vector_Type); generic with procedure Process (Element : in out Element_Type) is <>; procedure Generic_Iteration (Vector : in Vector_Type); generic with procedure Process (Element : in Element_Type) is <>; procedure Generic_Constant_Reverse_Iteration (Vector : in Vector_Type); generic with procedure Process (Element : in out Element_Type) is <>; procedure Generic_Reverse_Iteration (Vector : in Vector_Type); o I discussed aggregate-style operations for vectors above. Another possibility is to declare an array type, and provide operations that operation that have an array parameter. Something like: type Vector_Elements is array (Index_Type range <>) of aliased Element_Type; [Editor's note: This only works for definite elements, of course.] and then provide operations like: function To_Vector (Source : Vector_Elements) return Vector_Type; function To_Array (Source : Vector_Type) return Vector_Elements; function Slice (Vector : Vector_Type; Low : Index_Type'Base; High : Index_Type'Base) return Array_Type; procedure Assign (Target : in out Vector_Type; Source : in Array_Type); procedure Copy (Source : in Vector_Type; Target : out Array_Type; Last : out Index_Type'Base); etc. Yet another possibility is to declare a nested generic that declares a generic formal array type, so the user can specify his own array type: generic type Array_Type is array (Index_Type range <>) of Element_Type; package Generic_Arrays is function To_Vector (Source : Array_Type) return Vector_Type; function To_Array (Source : Vector_Type) return Array_Type; ... end Generic_Arrays; o There is still some debate about the exact nature and purpose of the vector container. My model (and I think Bob Duff's model) is that a vector is implemented internally using an unconstrained array. A vector allows insertion at any position, but it is specifically optimized for insertion at the back end. One of the benefits of the STL std::vector is that you can do this: vector v; v.push_back(h1); v.push_back(h2); const HANDLE* const ph = &v[0]; const DWORD n = v.size(); WaitForMultipleObjects(n, ph, INFINITE); In other words under the hood a vector is just a normal C-style array. You're allowed to take the address of a vector element and the language guarantees that the elements are in contiguous memory, as if they had been declared as elements of a plain array. The Ada vector container should follow the same model. It doesn't make any sense to try to improve (say) insertions in the middle of a vector, since there are other perfectly-good containers for that (like a list). o There was some discussion about providing a stable sort, too. We could even provide a partial sort. o There seems to be interest in being able to sort arrays, too. A generic operation for sorting an array would look like: generic type Index_Type is (<>); type Element_Type is private; type Array_Type is array (Index_Type range <>) of Element_Type; with function "<" (Left, Right : Element_Type) return Boolean is <>; procedure Ada.Containers.Generic_Sort_Unconstrained_Array (Source : in out Array_Type); pragma Pure (Ada.Containers.Generic_Sort_Unconstrained_Array); There would be an analogous operation for sorting a constrained array. You could generalize further still, and provide an operation for sorting any container having a cursor with the requisite properties (such as a difference operator, etc). o We could generalize the vector sort by allowing the user to pass in a Swap operation for vector elements. The generic operation could have a named default (that does swapping using normal assignment): procedure Swap (Vector : in Vector_Type; I, J : in Index_Type'Base); generic with function "<" (Left, Right : Element_Type) return Boolean is <>; with procedure Swap (Vector : in Vector_Type; I, J : in Index_Type'Base) is Vectors.Swap; procedure Generic_Sort (Vector : in Vector_Type); This would be useful for elements that are expensive to copy, say that are implemented as a controlled type that contains a value by reference. The swap for that element could then just swap the pointers, instead of finalizing and then adjusting controlled objects. **************************************************************** Comments on parameter names, Randy Brukardt, April 16, 2004. Most of the parameter names in the containers libraries are "Container". We considered using more functional names. We started with Insert: procedure Insert (Container : in out Vector; Before : in Cursor; New_Item : in Element_Type; Count : in Size_Type := 1); One possibility would be to use what Ada.Strings.Unbounded uses. The parameter there is named "Source". That appears to be for compatibility with the function version of the routine, but it is clearly inappropriate for a procedure. So no help there. Another possibility would be to use "Into": procedure Insert (Into : in out Vector; Before : in Cursor; New_Item : in Element_Type; Count : in Size_Type := 1); which makes nice named calls: Insert (Into => My_Vector, Before => Blob, New_Item => An_Item); Similarly, Append and Prepend could use "To": procedure Append (To : in out Vector; Before : in Cursor; New_Item : in Element_Type; Count : in Size_Type := 1); And Delete could use "From": procedure Delete (From : in out Vector; Position : in Cursor; Count : in Size_Type := 1); but then "Position" should really be "At" -- except that it's reserved in Ada. And Replace_Element and Find should use "In", but that is clearly not going to work. We could use "Inside", but that's a stretch. Then, we'd have to find something to use for the various functions. The existing: function Last (Container : Vector) return Cursor; makes as much sense as anything I can come up with. I don't think that the above buy enough to change Matt's choices (except for a couple obvious mistakes, already fixed). **************************************************************** From: Randy Brukardt Sent: Friday, September 3, 2004 7:43 PM This document lists significant changes between AI-302-3/05 (which for the most part reflects the Palma meetings conclusions) and AI-302-3/06 (which reflects more recent e-mail discussions and experience). Simple typos aren't listed. I've numbered the changes for easy reference. Most of these require no discussion. A few questions about issues that require some discussion are at the end. 1) !summary: Changed (vectors) => (vectors and lists) to reflect both kinds of sequence containers. 2) !proposal: The summary of the semantics of hashed containers is simplified to be less precise (it was too specific to a particular implementation). 3) The name of the Count parameter of To_Vector was changed to Length, given that that is what it signifies. 4) The name of the Count parameter of Set_Capacity for Vectors was changed to Capacity, given that that is what it signifies. (Note that the Map one already called it Capacity in the spec., so there also was a consistency issue.) 5) The container to Generic_Sort has been made class-wide. Generic units are not primitive operations, and it is usually a mistake to use specific tagged types in non-primitive operations. By making it class-wide, instantiations are directly usable by any extensions. Note that implementations should take care not to dispatch to primitive operations of Vectors and Lists in the implementations of these routines; the routines are defined in terms of semantics, not primitive routines, and thus any overridings could have the wrong semantics. 6) For vectors, the two Find operations could be ambiguous if the default parameters are used. For instance: Op (Find (V, E)); -- index-based or cursor-based Find? Therefore, the index-returning Find was renamed to Find_Index. This is similar to the way the ambiguity was handled for First and Last. A similar change was made for Reverse_Find. (Note: We change the index version, so that the cursor-based version has the same name and profile for all of the containers.) 7) function Is_In (Item : Element_Type; Container : Vector) return Boolean; was replaced by function Contains (Container : Vector; Item : Element_Type) return Boolean; This new profile allows users to use prefix notation on calls: if Obj.Contains (Element) then ... This was discussed on Ada-Comment; the only advantage of the first profile is that it is similar to that used in Ada.Strings. But most people thought "Contains" sounds more natural, and they want to be able to use prefix notation. 8) The names Iteration and Reverse_Iteration were changed to Iterate and Reverse_Iterate; they should be a verb. The process routines should have a parameter of Cursor. The latter was purely a cut-and-paste error (repeated everywhere). Similarly, the text about Elements following Iteration for maps should be after Update_Element for maps. 9) Added text to insure that inserting a null vector into a vector never raises an exception. This is needed to insure that all of the inserts are consistent on this point. (The base Insert already has this wording.) Otherwise, the shorter Inserts would raise an exception for an index out of range, and the basic one would not. This behavior is needed so that inserting a empty vector into another empty vector does not fail (we don't want to have to require testing for non-empty before doing an Insert). 10) The description of Delete_Last for Vector was simplified to use Clear instead of Delete when everything will be deleted. 11) The AARM note after Delete for Vector was corrected to use Last_Index rather than length; the note as written presumed that First_Index = 1 (the classic incorrect Ada assumption about arrays). 12) Added wording to say that Last_Index returns Index_Type'First - 1 if the container is empty. That makes it clear what the result is, as the position of the last element isn't defined in that case (since there are no elements in the container). 13) Insert for lists had a wording correction to plural so that it is obvious that multiple elements can be inserted (the wording originally was copied from the single element version, which was dropped in favor of a default parameter of 1 for the Count). 14) Corrected AARM notes for Insert, Delete, Find for Hash to say "should only compare keys" instead of "should only compare elements", as it is the keys that are compared, not the elements. 15) function Key (Position : Cursor) return Key_Type was added to the specification of Generic_Keys inside of Ordered_Sets. This operation matches one declared in Hashed_Maps, and we want these containers to be as similar as possible. The operation was originally omitted because there was no key read function in the generic spec; now that one has been added, there is no reason to omit this function. 16) Added wording so that if something outside of the package Hashed_Maps changes a key value, the behavior of the package is unspecified. If a key includes an access-to-variable component, and the designated object of the access component takes part in hashing or equality, then it is impossible to guarantee the behavior of the package. The key could be changed even without any call into the package at all (if a copy of the access is saved somewhere). This really is a user error, similar to passing in a hash function that doesn't provide the same results when called with the same key. Moreover, implementations can't protect against it even if they wanted to, since it can happen without any access to the Hashed_Maps package. Similar wording was added to Ordered_Sets, as elements could have similar problems. 17) Changed the name of the parameters of Is_Disjoint to Left and Right. This operation is communative, and might was well have parameter names similar to Union and Intersection. OTOH, Is_Subset is neither communative nor "common knowledge". Thus, its parameters were named "Subset" and "Of_Set", so it is clear which is the subset that is being tested. This is clearly preferable in named prefix calls: Obj.Is_Subset (Of_Set => Obj2); which is crystal-clear which is being tested to be a subset of which set. (This operation is not common enough for readers of code to "know" which operand is which.) 18) Pragma Pure was added to the array sort subprograms. 19) Matt made a number of improvements to the !examples section, adding and reordering examples. 20) The following was added to all of the containers: procedure Query_Element (Position : in Cursor; Process : not null access procedure (Element : in Element_Type)); This is valuable for reading large elements without copying them. For Sets, this also avoids the need to check if the key was modified (meaning it can be used even without defining a key). Since the key check could be expensive, this is a significant savings. The routine was added to all of the containers for consistency. 21) Nick Roberts points out that now that Index_Type is an integer type, it is a lot simpler and clearer to say Index_Type'First-1 rather than Index_Type'Pred(Index_Type'First). I've made this change generally. 22) Nick also pointed out that "any exceptions raised ... are propagated" should be singular, as only one exception can be raised by a routine. (Unless, of course, there are multiple operations in the "..."). 23) Nick asked for an AARM note to clarify the purpose of the pragma Assert in the Vectors package. This was added. 24) Nick asked for the introductory description of length and capacity for vectors to be clarified (as it used "length" in the description of capacity, among other sins). 25) Nick asked that the list of containers in Language Design Principles be put in the order that they're defined in the text. He also asked that the statement about separate definite and indefinite versions be stated more clearly. 26) Update_Element for Sets has been renamed Checked_Update_Element, as it is different from the other Update_Elements both in profile (the Set is included in the call) and in semantics. This is necessary because the routine may be forced to delete the element and raise Constraint_Error if it is modified to match an existing key. In that case, the set itself will need to be modified; potentially including pointers in the implementation such as First or Last. Thus the profile must be different. 27) At Palma, we decided that Swap should always swap elements, not nodes. (Thus, the cursors would point at the changed elements afterwards). However, this suffers from two major problems: First, it isn't necessarily possible for indefinite types. It is not possible to copy the elements between nodes (because they are potentially different shapes or even types), and it is possible (although one would have to leave Ada to do it) to put the elements directly in the nodes. Second, the purpose of the swap operations is to provide better performance than the user can get from manually copying the elements. But, that clearly requires swapping the nodes for a list. Only a novice programmer would write a list swap that *copied* the designated objects. Similarly, if there is inherent indirectness in a container implementation, we want to allow Swap to take advantage of it. Therefore, we didn't change the semantics of Swap for lists. Rather, because the vector operation is different, we renamed it to Swap_Elements. This will prevent problems if a container is switched from a vector to a list or vice versa. I added some AARM notes to explain the difference and the reasons. Matt pointed out that the Container parameter to Swap_Elements for cursors is unnecessary; it violates our meta-rule that Container parameters are only included on cursor operations if the cardinality of the Container may change. It was removed, since there is no longer a need to be the same as the list Swap. 28) The Success parameter of Insert for Maps and Sets was changed to Inserted. Success is a boolean parameter, and Success = False implies some sort of failure or error. But it is not an error (necessarily) for Insert to return this value; it just means that the item was previously in the Map or Set. The caller of Insert must decide if Inserted = False is an error (failure) or if it is intended behavior. Thus we select a name that doesn't have a strong connotation. 29) The Replace operation of Maps was renamed Insert_Or_Replace. This operation has insertion semantics (if the key is not in the map) or replacement semantics otherwise. Thus the name change; it's confusing without it. (The suggestion of renaming it to Insert has the same problem, in the other direction). It's a useful shorthand, especially as it does not have the Out parameters of regular Insert. If all you need to do is stick something into the map, and only care that it ends up there, this is the operation to use. A similar operation was defined for Sets. This operation is named Insert, because it has no replacement function (the element is unchanged if it is already in the map). Again, it is useful if you want to add an element to a Set, and have no need to worry about whether it is already there or where it ended up. (This operation was requested by users on Ada-Comment, noting that defining 'dead' objects to receive return values that they don't care about is ugly and possibly dangerous.) For more on this subject, see Question Q5. Questions: Q1) Find_Index returns Last_Index (Container) + 1 if the element is not found. This seems consistent to me (it's past the end of the container in a forward search), but Matt worries that First_Index (Container) - 1 might be thought of as better. The trouble with First_Index (Container - 1 is that you can't put it into an object: declare I : Index_Type := Index_Type'First; begin I := Find_Index (Vect, Item, I); while I <= Last_Index (Vect) loop -- Do something to the element I. I := Find_Index (Vect, Item, I+1); end loop; end; If Find_Index returned Index_Type'First - 1, saving the result of Find_Index would raise Constraint_Error if the item is not found. That's not what we want, I think. Q2) The parameters to Generic_Merge have not been made class-wide (even though the comments about non-primitive operations with specific tagged parameters mentioned for Generic_Sort hold here, too). That's because both parameters need to be the same type. An alternative would be to make them class-wide, and then have a runtime check (of the actual tags) that they actually are the same type. But that is not very O-O. A third possibility would be to repeat the type in the generic spec: generic type List_Type is new List with private; with function "<" (Left, Right : Element_Type) return Boolean is <>; procedure Generic_Merge (Target : in out List_Type; Source : in out List_Type); But that is not very consistent with the rest of the specification. Some guidance would be helpful here. Q3) The generic formal part for maps has: with function "=" (Left, Right : Key_Type) return Boolean is <>; with function Is_Equal_Key (Left, Right : Key_Type) return Boolean is "="; Matt wonders why both operations are needed; his reference implementation never uses "=". This came from the Palma meeting; it's mentioned explicitly in the meeting minutes. The intent is that Map equality use "=" rather than Is_Equal_Key. The idea is that Maps that compare equal have no visible differences. Consider a map with keys that are strings representing numbers. Is_Equal_Key probably would compare the 'Values of the keys (so "0046" and "46" would be the same), but "=" would just compare the strings. The other reason is that Is_Equal_Key often will not be native equality (as in the example above). But it will be often enough that we want to be able to provide "=" as a result. However, Map equality is not an important operation; it exists simply because the type is non-limited and thus we have to define it. Arguably, the extra operation doesn't buy much. It doesn't cost much, either, as it will never need to be specified in an instantiation as long as named notation is used. Matt points out that the reason this operation is called "Is_Equal_Key" is that otherwise there would be two "=" operators in the formal part, and that would prevent using named notation for either. Moreover, it is not unreasonable (see above) for the user to override the key equality. So, if one is dropped, it would have to be the "=" operation. I did add some text specifying the required relationship between "=" and Is_Equal_Key: if "=" returns True for some operands, then Is_Equal_Key also returns True for those operands. I also added some text about the design need to give key equality a different name than "=" in order to allow named notation in instantiations. Q4) Set_Capacity is defined to raise Constraint_Error if Length (Container) > Count. Matt would prefer that this case is not separately handled. He would like Set_Capacity (M, 0) to be a shorthand for setting the Map or Vector to the smallest reasonable size. (I find this a bit odd, as Matt never wanted this routine to even allow smaller values. But whatever.) Note that just dropping the check would not be enough; we'd have to redo the description of the operation to say that the capacity is set to at least Count_Type'Max (Count, Length (Container)) -- because we don't want this operation to drop elements. I'm unsure that the benefit is worth the change, and it seems like a bug to me to try to set the capacity of a container to be smaller than the number of elements it holds. Q5) There is a lot of confusion about the meaning of the Insert operations for maps and sets. The changes outlined in (29) above should help. However, the semantics of the Insert that does not return an Inserted value remain controversial. Five possible behaviors were identified for Maps: 1) Insert raises an exception when the key is already in the map; 2) Insert does nothing when the key is already in the map; 3) Insert replaces the existing element when the key is already in the map; 4) Replace raises an exception when the key is not already in the map; 5) Replace does nothing when the key is not already in the map. (One could imagine a Replace that inserts when not found, but that is just choice 3.) Convincing examples were shown for virtually all of these semantics. Note that replacement semantics (choices 3 through 5) make less sense for Sets, as you would be replacing an equivalent element. However, since it certainly possible for an element to have components that do not participate in the equivalence test, it is easy to imagine examples where such replacements make sense. It was suggested to provide all of these operations with different names, but that requires coming up with five sets of names, with the resultant clutter and confusion. (And this is on top of the Insert that returns a Position and Inserted result.) Moreover, all of these routines can be written using other primitives. We therefore decided to provide (3) for Maps and (2) for Sets. Another suggestion was to use an enumeration similar to the ones in Ada.Strings. Then we'd have: type Exists_Action is (Error, Ignore, Replace); procedure Insert (Container : in out Map; Key : in Key_Type; New_Item : in Element_Type; If_Exists : in Exists_Action := Error); type Nonexistent_Action is (Error, Ignore, Insert); procedure Replace (Container : in out Map; Key : in Key_Type; New_Item : in Element_Type; If_Nonexistent : in Nonexistent_Action := Error); The objections to this idea boiled down to two: this is control-coupling, and that some people hate the design of Ada.Strings; they find it hard to find or remember the names of the parameters. Several people suggested that control-coupling was preferable to a forest of routines, or one routine with non-intutive semantics. Moreover, control-coupling is mainly a problem for the implementer of a routine; it is not bad for the user of a routine, and make in fact increase the options available to them. I personally am in favor of this sort of solution, because (1) it allows using simple names for the routines, without surprise semantics; (2) it allows dodgy cases to be errors by default, while allowing the specification of other behaviors when needed (which is makes using the library safer, by cutting surprise behavior); (3) it doesn't force users into using the Position-returning Insert when they don't need the Position for a later operation. However, it does slightly complicate the specifications of the packages, and it only got lukewarm support, so the decision has been left to the ARG. Q6) Tucker has mentioned that he often has components in the key of a map beyond the actual key participating ones. (This is similar to the behavior of a set; if we had a Hashed_Set this probably would be less of an issue.) For that to be effective, it would be necessary to change a key that is already in a map. Currently, neither Replace_Element nor Insert_or_Replace change the value of a key that is in the map; only the element is changed. In order to get the sort of semantics that Tucker seems to be suggesting, we'd need a way to change the value of a key. But such an operation would potentially change the location of the element, so it could be fairly expensive. Moreover, it would likely require allocation even if the hash didn't change for the indefinite form of the container. Finally, whether or not the key is replaced would seem to be another (orthogonal) option for the Insert routine "6) Insert replaces the key and the element when the key is already in the map; 7) Insert replaces the key, leaving the element unchanged when the key is already in the map". This complication doesn't seem worth it to me, but as it came up very late, the entire ARG needs to discuss the issue. **************************************************************** From: Randy Brukardt Sent: Monday, October 3, 2004 xx:xx PM Here is a listing of the AI-302 updates that I made beyond those discussed at the meeting. These mostly have come up in more recent e-mail discussions. 1) Moved the AARM noted describing the now removed Assert to a (user) "Note". The fact that instantiating Ada.Containers.Vectors with a type for which Index_Type'Base'First = Index_Type'First will raise Constraint_Error is obvious from reading the spec. carefully -- but it seems to me few users will read that carefully. The note reads: If Index_Type'Base'First = Index_Type'First an instantiation of Ada.Containers.Vectors will raise Constraint_Error. A value below Index_Type'First is required so that an empty vector has a meaningful value of Last_Index. 2) Matt pointed out that Insert expects to be passed Index_Type'Last + 1 in some circumstances. In particular, inserting nothing into a full vector is not expected to raise an exception (to be similar to similar array operations). We want to include that value in Extended_Index as long as it actually exists. (Unlike the lower bound, we don't want to insist that this value exists, because if we did, we wouldn't be able to instantiate this generic with Positive or Natural.) So, we changed the declaration of Extended_Index to: subtype Extended_Index is Index_Type'Base range Index_Type'First-1 .. Index_Type'Last + Boolean'Pos (Index_Type'Base'Last > Index_Type'Last); This declaration allows both special values (if they exist) and no others. 3) Replace and Exclude operations matching the ones in the Ordered_Sets were added to the Generic_Keys generic, as it is odd that Delete was in there and not the others. (The intent is that this package closely match Hashed_Maps [and Ordered_Maps, if it ever is defined] - as many operations on keys in Hashed_Maps should be represented here as possible.) Insert and Include were omitted, as there could be no guarentee that the Key passed in matches the one in the Element passed in. (We could check, of course, but that seems like going too far; moreover, it's hard to imagine how these could be used.) Replace simply doesn't worry about it; it is defined in terms of Replace (see below), replacing the element referred to by the Key. Thus it works similarly to Checked_Update_Element. Replace_Element (Container, Cursor, New_Item) also has been added to the Set itself, as there is not a Replace_Element for a set. This tries to replace in place, but will do an insert/delete if necessary. [Should this have a different name? The profile and semantics are a bit different than the normal Replace_Element?] 4) The definition of *cursor* was buried in the introductory AARM text. I moved that into the introductory paragraphs of A.18, so that it appears in the normative text. Readers of the standard should be presented the basic model of the containers. 5) The index forms of Element, Replace_Element, Query_Element, and Update_Element took Index_Type'Base for some reason, but passing No_Index raises Constraint_Error. So I changed these to Index_Type, so that the specification doesn't allow No_Index to be passed. 6) Added an erroneous case for abuse of the Process procedure of Query_Element and Update_Element. This usually looks like: Execution also is erroneous if the called Process procedure of a call to Query_Element or Update_Element executes an operation that causes the Position cursor of Query_Element or Update_Element to become invalid. For lists, maps, and sets, the only problem occurs if the element is deleted directly, or if the container is finalized (via Unchecked_Deallocation). Insertions and other Deletions don't matter, as the nodes are logically separate. For vectors, the rule also includes ambiguous cursors. An insert or delete to the left of the cursor will move the elements; if the element is passed by reference, that will clobber the element being operated on with unknown effects. We don't want to require that optimization is off in Process subprograms! The vector version also requires wording to cover the index version of the routines. I'd like to suggest that we consider adding a check that the element being processed is not deleted by the Process procedure. This check requires only a bit per node (or a short list of elements in process), and covers all of the new dangerous cases for most of the containers. (Bad use of Unchecked_Deallocation is hardly new to the containers, and Move will not actually cause problems in practice, as the nodes are not changed, just the container that they belong to.) Deleting yourself requires contortions (the Process routine does not have a cursor to use for this operation), and, since it damages the element parameter, the effects could be widespread. The check also would prevent calling Update_Element on the same element again, which would have different results depending on the parameter passing mode (and which makes the check cheaper). The overhead of the check would only apply to the various Deletes and Update_Element; no other routines would need to check. The text would be: If the Process procedure deletes the element designated by Cursor, or calls Update_Element on Cursor, Program_Error is raised. AARM Note: This check has to be done in the code for Delete and Update_Element, of course. Making vector Update_Element safe would also require checking for any operations that would make the cursor ambigious. (That's a bounded error in other cases.) 7) Matt had previously made a number of suggestions about improving/correcting the examples. These have been integrated. 8) Delete for cursors does nothing if the cursor is No_Element for Lists, Maps, and Sets. (Matt says this was intended to model the effect of Unchecked_Deallocation.) Delete for cursors in Vectors, on the other hand, raised Constraint_Error in this case. I changed the wording for Delete for cursors in Vectors to be consistent with the other three. (Note, however, that Delete for Keys is now defined to raise an exception if the key is not found; the routine Exclude is defined not to raise an exception. Thus, this is a bit inconsistent. It would be more consistent if Delete for cursors for all containers raised an exception when given No_Element. This doesn't seem particularly important to change, but it should be considered.) 9) Nick pointed out that Insert for Vectors was leaving the Out parameter Position undefined if the length of the insertion was 0. I fixed that wording to make it equal to Before. 10) Added an AARM note to the effect that when we say "unspecified" in this clause (A.18), we don't mean "erroneous". If we meant "erroneous", we said that. And included some ramifications of that (checking must not be suppressed; don't create dangling pointers by assuming behavior of generic formals). This intent should be written down somewhere, even if it is too complex and error-prone to try to do so normatively. 11) Removed some implementation details from the !proposal section, which should be a high-level description. (Thanks to Matt for picking those up.) 12) Ada.Strings.Unbounded.Hash needs to be Preelaborated, not Pure, as its parent is only Preelaborated (not Pure). 13) Changed Set_Length's wording to: If Length is larger than the capacity of Container, calls Reserve_Capacity (Container, Length), then sets the length of the Container to Length. If Length is greater than the original length of Container, the added elements are empty elements. so that this operation doesn't shrink the capacity of a vector. (It wasn't right in the previous version, either, as it would have raised Constraint_Error in that case.) 14) Changed the name of Ensure_Capacity to Reserve_Capacity, as "Reserve" is the name the STL uses, and it seems more descriptive. (See e-mail.) 15) Wording was added to Iterate for each container to say that Program_Error is raised if the Process routine calls an operation that will modify or reorder the container. Each container needs slightly different wording for various reasons (nodes can be reordered in Lists; rehashing in a Map would change the order). This decision grew out of a discussion between Matt and me as to what exactly the passive iterator should allow. We both agreed that trying to implement a passive iterator that could stand insertions and deletions of elements was hard. Morevoer, if the user needs to do that, they can use an active iterator (that is, a loop with explicit cursors) to do so. So, we agreed that inserting or deleting elements from within a passive iterator was bad, and there is no need or intent support it. The main undecided issue is what to do if the user does indeed make a mistake and insert or delete an element from the container during a passive iterator. There seem to be 4 possibilities: 1) Specified results (it works in some specified way); 2) Unspecified results (it works, but what it does isn't specified); 3) Erroneous (anything goes); 4) Check for bad cases and raise an exception. (1) is clearly too burdensome on the implementation, and besides, we don't want it. (2) would insure that the program wouldn't crash, but otherwise the results wouldn't be portable. (3) would allow anything, implementers could ignore the possibility. (4) would be the most portable, but there are concerns about overhead. I originally wrote (2) using the wording: "Which cursors are presented to Process is unspecified if..." But that seems to be a burden on implementations for little benefit. I object to (3), because users *will* make this mistake, and likely implementations of the iterators would have very bad effects. If the node that the iterator was holding onto was deleted, it probably would be Unchecked_Deallocated, the memory might be reused, and when the pointers are walked, just about anything could happen. (4) seemed to have too much overhead, but once we stopped trying to support any insertion or deletion into the container, the cost became quite reasonable. All the implementation of the check would need is a counter (8 bits probably is enough) in each container. When an Iterate starts, the counter is incremented; when it completes, the counter is decremented. Each of the operations on the list of problem operations check that the counter is zero, raising Program_Error if the counter is nonzero. (We don't have to worry about tasking issues, as the container object is inside of the Iterate call the entire time. If some other task makes a call during that time, we have bad use of shared variables, and we don't care what happens. In fact, what will happen is that Program_Error would be raised, which is probably a good thing.) That has very little overhead, because virtually all of the operations in question allocate or deallocate memory, and thus are expensive anyway, an additional compare and branch will have no visible impact on performance. (Sorting and Merging are also expensive; Swap_Links and Splice are the only exceptions.) Operations that don't modify the container don't need to make any check. This has the advantage of making passive iterators completely safe against problems caused by what container operations are invoked in Process. (Yes, calling Unchecked_Deallocation on the container could still cause problems, but that is covered by other rules of the language -- and even it would raise Program_Error.) It also means that uses of passive iterators are safely portable (whereas active iterators could have problems if a dangling cursor was used) -- which gives them a clear advantage. This check is another one that could be dropped in an "unchecked" container. Thus, I've worded this check into all of the passive iterators. The wording enumerates the reasons that a check is needed: "if Process attempts to insert or delete elements into Container; or" "modifies Container" would be too broad, as it could include replacing the value of an element. We need also to talk about finalization and about calling Move, as the current wording only talks about cursors being passed to operations, not something that happens *during* an operation. Moreover, once we decide to have a check, including that check in the body of Finalize and Move is not difficult. ****************************************************************