!standard 0.3   (3)                                 04-11-02  AI95-00387/02
!standard 0.3   (5)
!standard 0.3   (6)
!standard 0.3   (32)
!standard 0.3   (34)
!standard 0.3   (38)
!standard 0.3   (41)
!standard 0.3   (42)
!standard 0.3   (44)
!standard 0.3   (45)
!standard 0.3   (46)
!standard 0.3   (47)
!standard 0.3   (48)
!standard 0.3   (49)
!standard 0.3   (50)
!standard 0.3   (51)
!standard 0.3   (57)
!class amendment 04-10-30
!status work item 04-10-30
!status received 04-10-30
!priority High
!difficulty Easy
!subject Introduction to Amendment

!summary

This revises the introduction to the International Standard in order to
reflect the changes made by the Amendment.

!problem

We need a new Introduction.

!proposal

Old John was volunteered to write it.

!wording

Replace 0(3) by

   * Ada 95 Rationale. This gives an introduction to the new features of
     Ada incorporated in the 1995 edition of this Standard, and explains
     the rationale behind them. Programmers unfamiliar with Ada 95 should
     read this first.

   * Ada 2005 Rationale. This give an introduction to the changes and new
     features in Ada 2005 (compared with the 1995 edition), and explains
     the rationale behind them. Programmers should read this rationale
     before reading this Standard in depth.

Curiously the old version refers to "Rationale for the Ada Programming
Language - 1995 edition". It was never called that to my mind. That was
sort of the title for the Ada 83 rationale.

Modify 0(5) thus

   ...all of the text in [the RM95]{this International Standard} ...


Modify 0(6) thus

   ...[This revision]{The 1995 revision} to the language was designed ...,
   and efficiency. {This amended version provides further flexibility and
   adds more standardized packages within the framework provided by the 1995
   revision.}

Modify 0(32) thus

   ...The enumeration types Boolean, Character,[and] Wide_Character{, and
   Wide_Wide_Character} are predefined.

Modify 0(34) thus

   ...The array types String,[and] Wide_String{, and Wide_Wide_String} are
   predefined.

Add after 0(38)

   Interface types provide abstract models from which other interfaces and
   types may be composed and derived. This provides a reliable form of multiple
   inheritance. Interface types may also be implemented by synchronized types
   (task types and protected types) thereby enabling task-safe programming and
   inheritance to be merged.

Modify 0(41)

   [Representation]{Aspect} clauses ...

Modify 0(42)

   ...and other capabilities[(such as string manipulation and random number
   generation)] by means ...[Other standard library packages are defined in
   annexes of the standard to support systems with specialized requirements.]

Add after 0(42)

   The predefined standard library packages provide facilities such as string
   manipulation, containers of various kinds (vectors, lists, maps etc.),
   mathematical functions, random number generation, and access to the execution
   environment.

   The specialized annexes define further predefined library packages and
   facilities with especial emphasis on areas such as real-time scheduling,
   interrupt handling, distributed systems, numerical computation, and
   high-integrity systems.

Replace 0(44-51)

   This revised International Standard modifies the edition of 1995 which
   replaced the first edition of 1987. In the 1995 edition, the following
   major language changes were incorporated:

(The original list was a bit inconsistent. It started with noun clauses and
then switched to sentences. And it needed changing to the past tense.)

   * Support for standard 8-Bit and 16-bit characters was added. See
     clauses 2.1, 3.5.2, 3.6.3, A.1, A.3, and A.4.

   * The type model was extended to include facilities for object-oriented
     programming with dynamic polymorphism. See the discussions of classes,
     derived types, tagged types, record extensions, and private extensions in
     clauses 3.4, 3.9, and 7.3. Additional forms of generic formal parameters
     were allowed as described in clauses 12.5.1 and 12.7.

   * Access types were extended to allow an access value to designate a
     subprogram or an object declared by an object declaration as opposed to
     just an object allocated on a heap. See clause 3.10.

   * Efficient data-oriented synchronization was provided by the introduction
     of protected types. See clause 9.4.

   * The library-level structure was extended to allow library units to be
     organized into a hierarchy of parent and child units. See clause 10.1.

   * Additional support was added for interfacing to other languages. See
     Annex B.

   * The Specialized Needs Annexes were added to provide specific support
     for certain application areas:

Replace 0(57)

     * Annex H, "High Integrity Systems" (originally "Safety and Security")

Add after 0(57)

   This Amended language (incorporating Amendment 1) modifies the 1995
   International Standard by making changes and additions that improve the
   capability of the language and the reliability of programs written in the
   language. In particular the changes were designed to improve the portability
   of programs, interfacing to other languages, and both the object-oriented
   and real-time capabilities.

   The following major changes with respect to the 1995 edition are
   incorporated:

   * Support for program text is extended to cover the entire ISO/IEC
     10646:2003 repertoire. Execution support now includes the 32-bit character
     set. See clauses 2.1, 3.5, 3.6, A.1, A.3, and A.4.

   * The object-oriented model has been improved by the addition of an
     interface facility which provides multiple inheritance and additional
     flexibility for type extensions. See clauses 3.4, 3.9, and 7.3. An
     alternative notation for calling operations more akin to that used in
     other languages has also been added. See clause 4.1.

   * Access types have been further extended to unify properties such as
     the ability to access constants and to exclude null values. See clause
     3.10. Anonymous access types are now permitted more freely and anonymous
     access-to-subprogram subtypes are introduced to support "downward
     closures". See clauses 3.3, 3.6, 3.10, and 8.5.1.

   * The control of structure and visibility has been enhanced to
     permit mutually dependent references between units and finer control
     over access from the private part of a package. See clauses 3.10.1 and
     10.1.2. In addition limited types have been made more useful by the
     provision of aggregates, constants and constructor functions. See clauses
     4.3.1, 6.5, and 7.5.

   * The predefined library has been extended to include better string
     handling, a major container library, file directory and name management,
     and access to the execution environment. See clauses A.4, A.16, A.17,
     and A.18.

   * Interfaces to other languages have been improved by the inclusion of
     a pragma for C unions. See clause B.3.

   * Two of the Specialized Needs Annexes have been considerably enhanced.

     * The Real-Time Systems Annex now includes: The Ravenscar profile for
       high-integrity systems, further dispatching policies such as Round Robin
       and Earliest Deadline First, and various timing mechanisms for the
       control of CPU budgets etc. See clauses D.2, D.13, D.14, and D.15.

     * The Numerics Annex now includes support for real and complex vectors
       and matrices as previously defined in ISO/IEC 13813 plus further basic
       operations for linear algebra. See clause G.3.

   * Finally, the overall reliability of the language has been improved by
     a number of introductions. These include new syntax which detects
     accidental overloading, as well as pragmas for making assertions and
     giving better control over the suppression of checks. See clauses 6.1,
     11.4.2, and 11.5.


!discussion

The overall description has not been changed very much (this reflects the
fact that this amendment is really a super polish to Ada 95 rather than a
rebuild). Apart from minor changes to the opening remarks, the changes are:

   The mention of wide-wide characters and strings. This is perhaps
unnecessary but the existing paragraphs lead one into doing that.

   A paragraph on interfaces was added. This is an important addition and
merits mention at this high level.

   The existing one paragraph on the predefined environment has been
extended to three paragraphs. Much of the additional capability is provided
through library packages and the existing description was probably too weak
anyway.

The list of changes from Ada 83/87 to Ada 95 has been retained but placed
in the past tense; a further list of major changes from Ada 95 to Ada 2005
has been added.

!example

Not applicable

!corrigendum

TBD

!ACATS test

Not applicable

!appendix

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